作业帮介绍伟人的英语作文
来源：学生作业帮助网 编辑：作业帮 时间：2024/09/24 22:36:53 字数作文
篇一：英文演讲介绍名人
1st
Hello everybody . My topic today is my favorite celebrity.And first,let me show you some picture,and can you guess who it is that I will introduce?
2nd
As you can see there are two picture.And the first is Apple I and the nest is Apple II.May be you will guess it should be Steve jobs.But the truth is,the man I will introduce is –Stephen Gray Wozniak.Know as “Woz”.
3rd
here is a brief introduction about him.
He is an American inventor ,electronics engineer ,and computer programmer who cofounded Apple Computer with Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne .Wozniak single-handedly designed both the Apple I and Apple II computer in the late 1970s.These computer contributed significantly to the microcomputer revolution. 4st
Woz was born in San Jose ,California ,The name on Wozniak’ birth certificate is “Stephan Gary Wozniak” ,but Steve’s mother said that she intended it to be spelled “Stephen”, and “Steve” is what he uses.
Wozniak has been referred to frequently by the nickname "Woz", "The Wonderful Wizard of Woz", or "The Woz".; "WoZ" (short for "") is also the name of a company Wozniak founded. In the early 1970s Wozniak was also known as "Berkeley Blue" in the community.
5st
Here is a picture of Woz when he was eleven years old. As we can learn that Woz start learn electronics very young. In his Autobiography <
6nd
In a 2007 interview with ABC News, Wozniak recounted how and when he first met Steve Jobs. He said: "We first met in 1971 during my college years, while he was in high school. A friend said, 'you should meet Steve Jobs, because he likes electronics and he also plays pranks.' So he introduced us."And from the photo we can see that Jobs and Woz have a really close friendship. Here is a small story about their early start.
In 1973, company Atari paid Jobs several thousand dollars because Jobs and Woz’s work.But Jobs told Wozniak that Atari gave them only $700 and that Wozniak's share was thus $350. Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until ten years later, but said that if Jobs had told him about it and had said he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him. 7st
In 1976, Wozniak developed the computer that eventually made him famous. He alone designed the hardware, circuit board designs, and operating system for the Apple I. Jobs had the idea to sell the Apple I as a fully assembled printed circuit board. Wozniak, at first skeptical, was later convinced by Jobs that even if they were not successful they could at least say to their grandkids
they had had their own company. The funny thing is that Apple I sold for $666.66. Wozniak later said he had no idea about the relation between the number and the mark of the beast, and "I came up with [it] because I like repeating digits."
8nd
Wozniak lives in Los Gatos, California. He is a Freemason, despite not having faith in a supreme being (which is required by Masonic rules). Wozniak describes his impetus for joining the Freemasons as being able to spend more time with his wife at the time.
9nd
Wozniak was married to Candice Clark from June 1981 to 1987. They have three children together, the youngest being born after their divorce was finalized. After a high-profile relationship with actress Kathy Griffin, Wozniak married Janet Hill, his current spouse.[[
10nd
This is Woz’s Autobiography.And I searched a Abbreviated introduction of his book.
As the sole inventor of the Apple I and II computers, Wozniak has enjoyed wealth, fame, and the most coveted awards an engineer can receive, and he tells his story here for the first time.
篇二：英语作文中名人例子
4008111111
英语作文中名人例子
1.成功 / 英雄 / 困难类 （被写的经久不衰！）
2.大众观点类：（媒体 / 团体 / 主流）
3.谎言 / 现象本质 / 隐私 （这个我也不懂）
4.动机类 （这个说的优点玄乎）
5.改变 / 科技 / 创新类
(转 载于:wWw.SmHaIDA.cOM 海达 范文 网:介绍伟人的英语作文)6.了解自身类
7.选择类
下面就淘选了些经典例子！！
1.Bill Gates （比尔盖茨）
When Bill Gates made his decision to drop out from Harvard, he did not care too much of the result. Gates entered Harvard in 1973, and dropped out two years later when he and Allen started the engine of Microsoft. Many people did not understand why Gates gave up such a good opportunity to study in the world’s No.1 University. However, with size comes power, Microsoft dominates the PC market with its operating systems, such as MS-DOS and Windows. Now, Microsoft becomes the biggest software company in the world and Bill Gates becomes the richest man in the world.
用于有放弃就会有所得、勇气、懂得把握机会类
2.Thomas Edison （托马斯 爱迪生）
In 1879, after more than 1,000 trials and $40,000, Thomas Edison introduced an inexpensive alternative to candles and gaslight: the incandescent lamp. Using carbonized filaments from cotton thread, his light bulb burned for two days. These bulbs were first installed on the steamship Columbia and have been lighting up the world ever since. 用于创造力/科技类、失败是成功之母、努力、成功 / 英雄 / 困难类
3.Mother Teresa （特雷莎修女）
Mother Teresa, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, dedicated the majority of her life to helping the poorest of the poor in India, thus gaining her the name "Saint of the Gutters." The devotion towards the poor won her respect throughout the world and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. She founded an order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India dedicated to serving the poor. Almost 50 years later, the Missionaries of Charity have grown from 12 sisters in India to over 3,000 in 517 missions throughout 100 countries worldwide.
用于大众观点类/善良、品性/
4.Diana Spencer（戴安娜王妃）
Lady Diana Spencer, Princess of Whales, is remembered and respected by people all over the world more for her beauty, kindness, humanity and charitable activities than for her technical skills.
不好意思了，戴安娜王妃，我还真不知怎么用你呢..
5.Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela （纳尔逊·罗利赫拉赫拉·曼德拉） Mandela, the South African black political leader and former
president, was awarded 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to
antiracism and antiapartheid. Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country. Since his triumphant release in 1990 from more than a quarter-century of
imprisonment, Mandela has been at the centre of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world. As president of the African National Congress and head of South Africa‘s antiapartheid movement, he was instrumental in moving the nation toward multiracial government and majority rule. He is revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial equality.
用于英雄、斗争/大众观点类（非暴力）/
6.Beethoven （贝多芬）
Beethoven, the German Composer, began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was entirely deaf by 1819. However, this obstacle could not keep him from becoming one of the most famous and prolific composers in art history. His music, including 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, several senates and so on, formes a transition from classical to romantic composition. 用于成功 / 英雄 / 困难类
7.George Bush（乔治 布什）
On January 16, 1991, President Bush ordered the commencement of Operation Desert Storm, a massive U.S.-led military offensive against Iraq in the Persian Gulf.
In late 1992, Bush ordered U.S. troops into Somalia, a nation devastated by drought and civil war. The peacekeeping mission would prove the most disastrous since Lebanon, and President Clinton abruptly called it off in 1993.
用于成功 / 英雄 / 困难类
8.Jimmy Carter（吉米卡特）
President Carter's policy of placing human rights records at the forefront of America's relationships with other nations contributed to a cooling of Cold War relations in the late 1970s.
In 1980, for the first time in seven years, Fidel Castro authorized emigration out of Cuba by the country's citizens. The United States welcomed the Cubans, but later took steps to slow the tide when evidence suggested that Castro was using the refugee flight to empty his prisons. 用于成功 / 英雄 / 困难类/斗争、
9.Neville Chamberlain（内维尔张伯伦）
In 1938, British Prime Minister Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact with Adolf Hitler, an agreement that gave Czechoslovakia away to Nazi conquest while bringing, as Chamberlain promised, "peace in our time."
Eleven months after the signing of the Munich Pact, Germany broke the peace in Europe by invading Poland. A solemn Chamberlain had no choice but to declare war, and World War II began in Europe.
不喜欢他，不说了...
10.Raoul Wallenberg （瓦伦堡）
Raoul Wallenberg was a young Swedish aristocrat. In 1944 he left the safety of his country and entered Budapest. Over the next year he outwitted the Nazis and saved as many as 100,000 Jews (he was not himself Jewish) from the death camps. In 1945 he was arrested by the Russians, charged with spying, and imprisoned in a Russian labor camp.
用于道德类/英雄、自救 （Conscience is a more powerful motivation than money,fame and power）
11.George Soros -- （乔治 索斯洛）the financial crocodile
Soros, who at one stage after the fall of the Berlin Wall was providing more assistance to Russia than the US government, believes in practising what he preaches.His Open Society Institute has been pivotal in helping eastern European countries develop democratic societies and market economies. Soros has the advantage of an insider's knowledge of the workings of global capitalism, so his criticism is particularly pointed. Last year, the Soros foundation's network spent nearly half a billion dollars on projects in education, public health and promoting democracy, making it one of the world's largest private donors.
用于大众观点类：（媒体 / 团体 / 主流）
12.Paul Revere（保罗 ）
Our perceptive towards Paul Revere just illustrates this point.
According to the romantic legend, he, galloping along of the dark from one farm house to another, alerted the people to the coming British. And of course the story emphasized the courage of one man, made him a hero in our history books. However, his heroism required a matrix of others
who were already well-prepared to mobilize against the oppressor and he was just one part of a pre-arrange plan. Heroes like Revere have no usefulness apart from a society primed to act.
用于英雄、斗争/勇敢/合作类Cooperation
13.Henry Ford（亨利 福特）
Henry ford,one of the most influential inventors in the history, was always inattentive in school. Once ,he and a friend took a watch apart to probe the principle behind it. Angry and upset, the teacher punished him both to stay after school. their punishment was to stay until they had fixed the watch. but the teacher did not know young ford’s genius,in ten minutes,this mechanical wizard had repaired the watch and was on this way home.It is imagination that invigorated Ford to make a through inquiry about things he did not know.He once plugged up the spout of a teapot and placed it on the fire. then he waited to see what would happen. the water boiled and, of course, turned to steam. since the steam had no way to escape, the teapot exploded. the explosion cracked a mirror and broke a
window.Ford’s year of curiosity and tinkering paid off,when he built his imagination of horseless carriage into reality, the history of
transportation was changed forever
用于creativity/curiosity/科技类
15.Alexander Graham Bell （亚历山大 格雷厄姆贝尔）
Not realizing the full impact it would have on society, Alexander Graham Bell introduced the first telephone to an amazed audience at America's Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876. Within a year, Bell had installed 230 phones and established the Bell Telephone Company, which was later transformed into AT&T. In 1997, 643,000,000,000 calls were made by people in the United States alone.
用于英雄/创造、科技/影响力类
考研政治大题答题技巧
普遍适用规则：
在掌握知识量基本相同的情况下，答题技巧的不同可能使总分相差10到20分。政治的考研试卷中大题的分值占百分之六十，而实际上大题也是技巧性最强的题型。下面向大家介绍大题答题四步曲：第一步：仔细审题。找出本题目是关于哪个学科的哪个章节，在草稿纸上写下此章节内所有可能与本题有联系的基本概念及原理。大多数题目是跨章节，甚至跨学科的，要注意思维的发散性。
第二步：解释每一个概念并写出原理的基本内容。如果自己写出的相关概念太多，则视试卷留出的空白捡重要的写，解释概念和原理一般不要超过本题答题空间的二分之一。什么？
太多了？不要怕，答多不扣分。但要注意答题时每个概念和原理要作为一段，字迹要工整清晰。好了，本题目分数的一半你已经拿到了，下面进行第三步。
第三步：联系实际。如果本题是论述题，则根据本题联系实际中的一些现象，给出评价；如果本题是材料题，则材料就是实际，指出材料中的一些问题，也就是将材料用你学过的关于政治的术语再复述一遍。这部分一定要有，而且要作为一个段落，如果字迹工整的话，即使这一段答得驴头不对马嘴，至少也有两分。 第四步：总结。这一部分是绝对送分的，但也要有技巧。要将其作为一个段落，如果此题是论述题，则将整个题目再复述一遍，不要忘了在前面加上一个所以；如果此题是材料题，则提倡材料中好的做法，批评材料中坏的做法。
如果答大题时你能熟练地按上面的四步做，大题方面你至少可以比相同水平的其他人多得n分，不信？ 试用历史唯物主义的有关原理说明"以德治国"与"以法治国"的关系及其重要意义(2002年政治重中之重)。首先仔细读题目，题目中已经告诉我们是用马哲中的历史唯物主义的几章的原理，而以法治国和以德治国是邓论中的内容，因此要考虑将两个学科结合起来答题。表面上看题目中有两个基本概念以法治国和以德治国，联系到马哲，以德治国便是是道德问题，是上层建筑；以法治国便是法制问题。如此以来，此题需要答的基本概念和原理有：道德，法制，以德治国，以法治国，上层建筑，道德与法制的关系，以法治国和以德治国的关系。然后联系实际，这一步没关系，只要稍微写两句而且字迹工整便不失大格。最后总结，好像这里把题目重抄一遍不顺口，其实只要稍微一改便行：要把以法治国和以德治国相结合。
下面我们看一下标准答案：
1)历史唯物主义认为道德与法制既有联系又有区别，二者的区别表现在：道德的概念；法制的概念；道德与法制的关系。
2)历史唯物主义又认为，社会的经济基础决定上层建筑的产生、性质和变化；上层建筑反作用于经济基础。社会主义的法律和道德是社会主义上层建筑的重要组成部分，它对经济基础的发展有重大意义。
3)以法治国和以德治国又是相辅相成，不可分割的。以法治国的概念；以德治国的概念；以法治国和以德治国的关系。
4)把以德治国和以法治国紧密的结合起来，是建设有中国特色的社会主义的要求，也是社会主义市场经济的要求。
怎么样，是不是感到大题的简单了？上面是我总结的几条关于政治考研的技巧，如果你能真正掌握它，不好意思，你的政治考研分数再也没有希望低于70分了。
论述题：
第一步：仔细审题。
建议考生找出本题目是关于哪个科学的哪个章节，在草稿纸上写下此章节内所有可能与本题有联系的基本概念及原理。大多数题目是跨章节，甚至跨学科的，要注意思维的发散性。 第二步：解释每一个概念并写出原理的基本内容。
如果自己写出的相关概念太多，建议视试卷留出的空白捡重要的写，解释概念和原理一般不要超过本题答题空间的二分之一。什么？太多了？不要怕，答多了不扣分。但考生要注意答题时每个概念和原理要作为一段，字迹要工整清晰。好了，本题目分数的一半你已经拿到了，下面进行第三步。
第三步：联系实际。
如果本题是论述题，建议考生根据本题联系实际中的一些现象，给出评价，如果本题是材料题，则材料就是实际，指出材料中的一些问题，也就是将材料用你学过的关于政治的术语再复述一遍。这部分一定有要有，而且要作为一个段落，字迹工整。
篇三：历史伟人——英语作文
历史伟人
本杰明.富兰克林
1706年1月17日，本杰明.富兰克林出生在北美洲的波士顿。他的父亲原是英国漆匠，当时以制造蜡烛和肥皂为业，生有十七个孩子，富兰克林是第十个男孩。富兰克林八岁入学读书，虽然学习成绩优异，但由于他家中孩子太多，父亲的收入无法负担他读书的费用。所以，他到十岁时就离开了学校，回家帮父亲做蜡烛。富兰克林一生只在学校读了这两年书。十二岁时，他到哥哥詹姆士经营的小印刷所当学徒，自此他当了近十年的印刷工人，但他的学习从未间断过，他从伙食费中省下钱来买书。同时，利用工作之便，他结识了几家书店的学徒，将书店的书在晚间偷偷地借来，通宵达旦地阅读，第二天清晨便归还。他阅读的范围很广，从自然科学、技术方面的通俗读物到著名科学家的论文以及名作家的作品都是他阅读的范围。
1736年，富兰克林当选为宾夕尼亚州议会秘书。1737年，任费城副邮务长。虽然工作越来越繁重，可是富兰克林每天仍然坚持学习。为了进一步打开知识宝库的大门，他孜孜不倦地学习外国语，先后掌握了法文、意大利文、西班牙文及拉丁文。他广泛地接受了世界科学文化的先进成果。为自己的科学研究奠定了坚实的基础。
1752年7月，他做了一个吸引雷电的风筝实验，轰动了全世界。从前人们一直认为，天空中出现电闪雷鸣，这是大自然在显示神威。而富兰克林的实验结果表明，这是大自然的一种放电现象。
正当他在科学研究上不断取得新成果的时候，由于英国殖民者的残暴统治，北美殖民地的民族解放运动日益高涨。为了民族的独立和解放，他毅然放下了实验仪器，积极地站在了斗争的最前列。从1757到1775年他几次作为北美殖民地代表到英国谈判。独立战争爆发后，他参加了第二届大陆会议和《独立宣言》的起草工作。1776年，已经七十高龄的富兰克林又远涉重洋出使法国，赢得了法国和欧洲人民对北美独立战争的支援。1787年，他积极参加了制定美国宪法的工作，并组织了反对奴役黑人的运动。
富兰克林度过的最后一个冬天是在亲人环护中度过的。1790年4月17日，夜里11点，富兰克林溘然逝去。那时，他的孙子本杰明·谭波尔正陪在他的身边。4月21日，费城人民为他举行了葬礼，两万人参加了出殡队伍，为富兰克林的逝世服丧一个月以示哀悼。本杰明．富兰克林就这样走完了他人生路上的84度春秋，静静地躺在教堂院子里的墓穴中，他的墓碑上只刻着：“印刷工富兰克林”。
亚伯拉罕?林肯
亚伯拉罕?林肯（1809－1865 ）,美国第 16 任总统。
1809年2月12日，林肯出生在肯塔基州哈丁县一个清贫的农民家庭，用他自己的话说，他的童年是“一部贫穷的简明编年史”。小时候，他帮助家里搬柴、提水、做农活等。 父母是英国移民的后裔，他们以种田和打猎为生。1816年，林肯全家迁至印第安纳州西南部，开荒种地为生。9岁的时候，林肯的母亲去世了。 一年后，父亲与一位寡妇结婚。继母慈祥勤劳，对待前妻的子女如同己出。林肯也敬爱后母，一家人生活得和睦幸福。由于家境贫穷，林肯受教育的程度不高。为了维持家计，少年时的林肯当过俄亥俄河上的摆渡工、种植园的工人、店员和木工。18岁那年，身材高大(1.93米)的林肯为一个船主所雇佣，与人同乘一条平底驳船顺俄亥俄河而下，航行千里到达奥尔良。
在25岁以前，林肯没有固定的职业，四处谋生。成年后，他成为一名当地土地测绘员，因精通测量和计算，常被人们请去解决地界纠纷。在艰苦的劳作之余，林肯始终是一个热爱读书的青年，他夜读的灯火总要闪烁到很晚很晚。在青年时代，林肯通读了莎士比亚的全部著作，读了《美国历史》，还读了许多历史和文学书籍。他通过自学使自己成为一个博学而充满智慧的人。在一场政治集会上他第一次发表了政治演说。由于抨击黑奴制，提出一些有利于公众事业的建议，林肯在公众中有了影响，加上他具有杰出的人品，1834年他被选为州议员。
两年后，林肯通过自学成为一名律师，不久又成为州议会辉格党领袖。1834年8月，25岁的林肯当选为州议员开始了自己的政治生涯同时管理乡间邮政所，也从事土地测量，并在友人的帮助下钻研法律。几年后，他成为一名律师。积累了州议员的经验之后，1846年，他当选为美国众议员。1847年，林肯作为辉格党的代表，参加了国会议员的竞选，获得了成功，第一次来到首都华盛顿。在此前后，关于奴隶制度的争论，成了美国政治生活中的大事。在这场争论中，林肯逐渐成为反对蓄奴主义者。他认为奴隶制度最终应归于消灭，首先应该在首都华盛顿取消奴隶制。代表南方种植园主利益的蓄奴主义者则疯狂地反对林肯。1850年，美国的奴隶
主势力大增，林肯退出国会，继续当律师。
爱因斯坦
1879年3月14日上午11时30分，爱因斯坦出生在德国乌尔姆市班霍夫街135号。父母都是犹太人。父名赫尔曼·爱因斯坦，母亲玻琳。
1881年11月18日，爱因斯坦的妹妹玛娅在慕尼黑出生。
1884年，爱因斯坦对袖珍罗盘着迷。
1885年，爱因斯坦开始学小提琴。
1886年，爱因斯坦在慕尼黑公立学校读书；在家里学习犹太教的教规。
1888年，爱因斯坦入路易波尔德高级中学学习。在学校继续受宗教教育，接受受戒仪式。弗里德曼是指导老师。
1889年，在医科大学生塔尔梅引导下，读通俗科学读物和哲学著作。
1891年，自学欧几里德几何学，感到狂热的喜爱，同时开始自学高等数学。爱因斯坦开始怀疑欧几里德的假定。
1892年，开始读康德的著作。
1894年，爱因斯坦一家移居意大利。
1895年，自学完微积分。同年，爱因斯坦在瑞士理工学院的入学考试失败。
1896年，获阿劳中学毕业证书。10月29日，爱因斯坦迁居使历史并在瑞士理工学院就读。 1899年10月19日，爱因斯坦正式申请瑞士公民权。
1900年8月爱因斯坦毕业于苏黎世联邦工业大学；12月完成论文《由毛细管现象得到的推论》，次年发表在莱比锡《物理学杂志》上并入瑞士籍。
1901年3月21日，取得瑞士国籍。在这一年5－7月完成电势差的热力学理论的论文。
1902年6月16日，被瑞士伯尔尼专利局雇佣。
1904年9月，由专利局的试用人员转为正式三级技术员。
1905年3月，发表量子论，提出光量子假说，解决了光电效应问题。4月向苏黎世大学提出论文《分子大小的新测定法》，取得博士学位。5月完成论文《论动体的电动力学》，独立而完整地提出狭义相对性原理，开创物理学的新纪元。
爱迪生
爱迪生在1847年2月11日一个风雪中的凌晨三点钟诞生了，爸爸还把他带到街上去向别人夸耀，大家都叫他阿尔，小时候的爱迪生很爱发问，常常问一些奇怪的问题让人觉得很烦，家人也好，路上的行人也好，都是他发问题的对象，如果他对于大人的答复感到不满时就会亲自去实验，例如有一次阿尔看到了鹅舍里的母鹅在孵蛋，他就问妈妈为甚么母鹅总是成天坐在那里呢？妈妈就告诉他母鹅在孵蛋，阿尔便想如果母鹅可以那我也一定可以，过了几天爸爸妈妈发现阿尔一直蹲在木料房里，不知道在做什么，当家人发现阿尔在孵蛋的时候每个人都捧腹大笑了起来。
八岁的时候阿尔去上小学了，可是他只上三个月的课就退学了，阿尔在上课的时候，妈妈常被叫到学校去跟老师说话，这是因为阿尔常常提出一些老师认为很奇怪的问题，老师认为他是一个低能儿童，于是妈妈就决定自己来教导阿尔，并决心把阿尔教成一位伟大的天才，就这样阿尔便开始了他的自学课程，阿尔被妈妈教的很好，后来阿尔也得到了允许，可以在地下室里设置一个实验室，为了不让别人乱动他的实验品阿尔还想出妙计，就是在每一个实验品的瓶子上贴上毒药标签。
十二岁的一个早晨，阿尔突然对妈妈说妈妈我想去卖报纸好不好？妈妈听了之后下吓一大跳，爸爸听了也很生气，可是经过了阿尔再三的请求他的父母终于同意了，他高兴的跑到铁路公司，也获得了在火车上卖报的允许，从休轮港到底特律有一百公里的路程，阿尔在车上当了几个月的报童后，他在底特律开了两家店，其中一家是卖杂志的，另一家是卖蔬菜、水果、奶油等，他也雇用了两个少年帮忙看店，并约定和他们分享红利，不久铁路通又增加了一班车，阿尔便派一位报童随车贩卖，就这样一个十二岁的报童已经不知不觉得成为了一个少年资本家。
篇四：百位名人英文简介
The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History
Physicist and mathematician. Born January 4, 1643 (some sources say December 25, 1642) in Woolsthorpe, a hamlet in southwestern Lincolnshire, England. When Newton was a child, Lincolnshire was a battleground of the civil wars, in which religious dissension and political rebellion was dividing England's population. Also of significance for his early development were circumstances within his family. He was born after the death of his father, and in his third year his mother married the rector of a neighboring parish and left her son at Woolsthorpe in the care of his grandmother.
After a rudimentary education in local schools, he was sent at the age of 12 to the King's School in Grantham, where he lived in the home of an apothecary named Clark. It was from Clark's stepdaughter that Newton's biographer William Stukeley learned many years later of the boy's interest in her father's chemical library and laboratory and of the windmill run by a live mouse, the floating lanterns, sundials, and other mechanical contrivances Newton built to amuse her. Although she married someone else and he never married, she was the one person for whom Newton seems to have had a romantic attachment.
At birth Newton was heir to the modest estate which, when he came of age, he was expected to manage. But during a trial period midway in his course at King's School, it became apparent that farming was not his metier. In 1661, at the age of 19, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge. There the questioning of long-accepted beliefs was beginning to be apparent in new attitudes toward man's environment, expressed in the attention given to mathematics and science.
After receiving his bachelor's degree in 1665, apparently without special distinction, Newton stayed on for his master's; but an epidemic of the plague caused the university to close. Newton was back at Woolsthorpe for 18 months in 1666 and 1667. During this brief period he performed the basic experiments and apparently did the fundamental thinking for all his subsequent work on gravitation and optics and developed for his own use his system of calculus. The story that the idea of universal gravitation was suggested to him by the falling of an apple seems to be authentic: Stukeley reports that he heard it from Newton himself.
Returning to Cambridge in 1667, Newton quickly completed the requirements for his master's degree and then entered upon a period of elaboration of the work begun at Woolsthorpe. His mathematics professor, Isaac Barrow, was the first to recognize Newton's unusual ability, and when, in 1669, Barrow resigned to devote himself to theology, he recommended Newton as his successor. Newton became Lucasian professor of mathematics at 27 and stayed at Trinity in that capacity for 27 years.
Newton's main interest at the time of his appointment was optics, and for several years the lectures required of him by the professorship were devoted to this subject. In a letter of 1672 to the secretary of the Royal Society, he says that in 1666 he had bought a prism "to try therewith the celebrated phenomena of colours." He continues, "In order thereto having darkened the room and made a small hole in my window-shuts to let in a convenient quantity of the Suns light, I placed my prism at its entrance, that it might be thereby refracted to the opposite wall." He had been surprised to see the various colors appear on the wall in an oblong arrangement (the vertical being the greater dimension), "which according to the received laws of refraction should have been circular." Proceeding from this experiment through
several stages to the "crucial" one, in which he had isolated a single ray and found it unchanging in color and refrangibility, he had drawn the revolutionary conclusion that "Light itself is a heterogeneous mixture of differently refrangible rays."
These experiments had grown out of Newton's interest in improving the effectiveness of telescopes, and his discoveries about the nature and composition of light had led him to believe that greater accuracy could not be achieved in instruments based on the refractive principle. He had turned, consequently, to suggestions for a reflecting telescope made by earlier investigators but never tested in an actual instrument. Being manually dexterous, he built several models in which the image was viewed in a concave mirror through an eyepiece in the side of the tube. In 1672 he sent one of these to the Royal Society.
Newton felt honored when the members were favorably impressed by the efficiency of his small reflecting telescope and when on the basis of it they elected him to their membership. But when this warm reception induced him to send the society a paper describing his experiments on light and his conclusions drawn from them, the results were almost disastrous for him and for posterity. The paper was published in the society's Philosophical Transactions, and the reactions of English and Continental scientists, led by Robert Hooke and Christiaan Huygens, ranged from skepticism to bitter opposition to conclusions which seemed to invalidate the prevalent wave theory of light.
At first Newton patiently answered objections with further explanations, but when these produced only more negative responses, he finally became irritated and vowed he would never publish again, even threatening to give up scientific investigation altogether. Several years later, and only through the tireless efforts of the astronomer Edmund Halley, Newton was persuaded to put together the results of his work on the laws of motion, which became the great Principia.
Newton's magnum opus, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica, to give it its full title, was completed in an astonishing 18 months. It was first published in Latin in 1687, when Newton was 45. Its appearance established him as the leading scientist of his time, not only in England but throughout the Western world. In the Principia Newton demonstrated for the first time that celestial bodies follow the laws of dynamics and, formulating the law of universal gravitation, gave mathematical solutions to most of the problems concerning motion which had engaged the attention of earlier and contemporary scientists. Book 1 treats the motion of bodies in purely mathematical terms. Book 2 deals with motion in resistant mediums, that is, in physical reality. In Book 3, Newton describes a cosmos based on the laws he has established. He demonstrates the use of these laws in determining the density of the earth, the masses of the sun and of planets having satellites, and the trajectory of a comet; and he explains the variations in the moon's motion, the precession of the equinoxes, the variation in gravitational acceleration with latitude, and the motion of the tides. What seems to have been an early version of book 3, published posthumously as The System of the World, contains Newton's calculation, with illustrative diagram, of the manner in which, according to the law of centripetal force, a projectile could be made to go into orbit around the earth.
In the years after Newton's election to the Royal Society, the thinking of his colleagues and of scholars generally had been developing along lines similar to those which his had taken, and they were more receptive to his explanations of the behavior of bodies moving according to the laws of motion than
they had been to his theories about the nature of light. Yet the Principia presented a stumbling block: its extremely condensed mathematical form made it difficult for even the most acute minds to follow. Those who did understand it saw that it needed simplification and interpretation. As a result, in the 40 years from 1687 to Newton's death the Principia was the basis of numerous books and articles. These included a few peevish attacks, but by far the greater number were explanations and elaborations of what had subtly evolved in the minds of his contemporaries from "Mr. Newton's theories" to the "Newtonian philosophy."
The publication of the Principia was the climax of Newton's professional life. It was followed by a period of depression and lack of interest in scientific matters. He became interested in university politics and was elected a representative of the university in Parliament. Later he asked friends in London to help him obtain a government appointment. The result was that in 1696, at the age of 54, he left Cambridge to become warden and then master of the Mint. The position was intended to be something of a sinecure, but he took it just as seriously as he had his scientific pursuits and made changes in the English monetary system that were effective for 150 years.
Newton's London life lasted as long as his Lucasian professorship. During that time he received many honors, including the first knighthood conferred for scientific achievement and election to life presidency of the Royal Society. In 1704, when Huygens and Hooke were no longer living, he published the Opticks, mainly a compilation of earlier research, and subsequently revised it three times; he supervised the two revisions of the Principia; he engaged in the regrettable controversy with G. W. von Leibniz over the invention of the calculus; he carried on a correspondence with scientists all over Great Britain and Europe; he continued his study and investigation in various fields; and, until his very last years, he conscientiously performed his duties at the Mint.
In the interval between publication of the Principia in 1687 and the appearance of the Opticks in 1704, the trend was away from the use of Latin for all scholarly writing. The Opticks was written and originally published in English (a Latin translation appeared 2 years later) and was consequently accessible to a wide range of readers in England. The reputation which the Principia had established for its author of course prepared the way for acceptance of his second published work. Furthermore, its content and manner of presentation made the Opticks more approachable.
Newton's mathematical genius had been stimulated in his early years at Cambridge by his work under Barrow, which included a thorough grounding in Greek mathematics as well as in the recent work of Rene Descartes and of John Wallis. During his undergraduate years Newton had discovered what is known as the binomial theorem; invention of the calculus had followed; mathematical questions had been treated at length in correspondence with scientists in England and abroad; and his contributions to optics and celestial mechanics could be said to be his mathematical formulation of their principles. But it was not until the controversy over the discovery of the calculus that Newton published mathematical work as such. The controversy, begun in 1699, when Fatio de Duillier made the first accusation of plagiarism against Leibniz, continued sporadically for nearly 20 years, not completely subsiding even with Leibniz's death in 1716.
Two other areas to which Newton devoted much attention were chronology and theology. A shortened form of his Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms appeared without his consent in 1725, inducing him to prepare the longer work for publication; it did not actually appear until after his death. In it Newton
attempted to correlate Egyptian, Greek, and Hebrew history and mythology and for the first time made use of astronomical references in ancient texts to establish dates of historical events. In his Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John, also posthumously published, his aim was to show that the prophecies of the Old and New Testaments had so far been fulfilled.
The mass of Newton's papers, manuscripts, and correspondence that survive reveal tremendous powers of concentration, ability to stand long periods of intense mental exertion, and objectivity uncomplicated by frivolous interests. The many portraits of Newton (he was painted by nearly all the leading artists of his time) range from the fashionable, somewhat idealized, treatment to a more convincing realism. When Newton came to maturity, circumstances were auspiciously combined to make possible a major change in men's ways of thought and endeavor. The uniqueness of Newton's achievement could be said to lie in his exploitation of these unusual circumstances. He alone among his gifted contemporaries fully recognized the implications of recent scientific discoveries. With these as a point of departure, he developed a unified mathematical interpretation of the cosmos, in the expounding of which he demonstrated method and direction for future elaboration. In shifting the emphasis from quality to quantity, from pursuit of answers to the question "Why?" to focus upon "What?" and "How?" he effectively prepared the way for the age of technology. He died on March 20, 1727.
The central figure of the Christian faith, whose nature as "Son of God' and whose redemptive work are traditionally considered fundamental beliefs for adherents of Christianity. "Christ' became attached to the name "Jesus' in Christian circles in view of the conviction that he was the Jewish Messiah ("Christ').
Jesus of Nazareth is described as the son of Mary and Joseph, and is credited with a miraculous conception by the Spirit of God in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. He was apparently born in Bethlehem c.6--5BC(before the death of Herod the Great in 4BC), but began his ministry in Nazareth. After having been baptized by John the Baptist in the Jordan (perhapsAD28--29, Luke 3.1), he gathered a group of 12 close followers or apostles, the number perhaps being symbolic of the 12 tribes of Israel and indicative of an aim to reform the Jewish religion of his day.
The main records of his ministry are the New Testament Gospels, which show him proclaiming the coming of the kingdom of God, and in particular the acceptance of the oppressed and the poor into the kingdom. He was apparently active in the villages and country of Galilee rather than in towns and cities, and was credited in the Gospel records with many miraculous healings, exorcisms, and some "nature' miracles, such as the calming of the storm. These records also depict conflicts with the Pharisees over his exercise of an independent "prophetic' authority, and especially over his pronouncing forgiveness of sins; but his arrest by the Jewish priestly hierarchy appears to have resulted more directly from his action against the Temple in Jerusalem. The duration of his public ministry is uncertain, but it is from John's Gospel that one gets the impression of a 3-year period of teaching. He was executed by crucifixion under the order of Pontius Pilate, the Roman procurator, perhaps because of the unrest Jesus's activities were causing. The date of death is uncertain, but is usually considered to be in 30 or 33. Accounts of his resurrection from the dead are preserved in the Gospels, Pauline writings, and Acts of the Apostles; Acts also refers to his subsequent ascension into heaven.
The New Testament Gospels as sources for the life of Jesus have been subject to considerable
historical questioning in modern Biblical criticism, partly in view of the differences amongst the Gospel accounts themselves (with the differences between John's Gospel and the other three often casting doubt on the former). Form criticism has drawn attention to the influences affecting the Jesus-traditions in the period before the Gospels were written, and when traditions were being transmitted mainly in small units by word of mouth. Redaction criticism has, in addition, drawn attention to the creative role of the Gospel writers. Some scholars have been pessimistic about efforts to reconstruct the life of Jesus at all from our Gospel sources, and have distinguished between the "Jesus of history' and the "Christ of faith', with only the latter being theologically significant for faith. More recent scholars have often attached greater importance to the historical Jesus for Christian faith, and in particular efforts have been made to present a credible hypothesis about the historical Jesus in terms of the social, political, and cultural situation in Palestine in the early 1st-c. Limited references to Jesus can also be found in works of the Jewish historian Josephus and the Roman historians Tacitus and Suetonius; and other noncanonical Christian traditions circulated about Jesus, many of which are late and probably spurious.
The title of Prince Gautama Siddhartha, the founder of Buddhism, born the son of the rajah of the Sakya tribe ruling in Kapilavastu, Nepal. When about 30 years old he left the luxuries of the court, his beautiful wife, and all earthly ambitions for the life of an ascetic; after six years of austerity and mortification he saw in the contemplative life the perfect way to self-enlightenment. According to tradition, he achieved enlightenment when sitting beneath a banyan tree near Buddh Gaya, Bihar. For the next 40 years he taught, gaining many disciples and followers, and died at the age of about 80 in Kusinagara, Oudh. His teaching is summarized in the Four Noble Truths, the last of which affirms the existence of a path leading to deliverance from the universal human experience of suffering. The goal is Nirvana, which means "the blowing out' of the fires of all desires, and the absorption of the self into the infinite. Chinese philosopher, teacher. Born in 551, Confucius was the founder of the humanistic school of philosophy known as the Ju or Confucianism, which taught the concepts of benevolence, ritual, and propriety.
In the 6th century B.C. China had begun to disintegrate into a loose confederation of city-states. The nominal ruler of China was the King of Chou, who occupied the imperial capital at Loyang in northcentral China. The Chou had been the supreme rulers of the entire Chinese Empire 500 years earlier, but now they were simply a pawn of the competing Chinese states. This period is generally depicted as a time of great moral decline, when principles and integrity meant little to the official classes. The most detailed traditional account of Confucius' life is contained in the Records of the Historian (Shih chi) by Ssu-ma Ch'ien, who lived 145-86 B.C. Many modern scholars have dismissed this biography as a fictionalized, romanticized legend by a Confucian apologist. Nevertheless, in spite of obvious anachronisms, when used with the Analects (Lun yu), which purports to record actual conversations between Confucius and his disciples, one can reconstruct a satisfactory outline of the philosopher's family background, his career, and the role he played in 6th-century society.
According to the Records of the Historian, Confucius was a descendant of a branch of the royal house of Shang, the dynasty that ruled China prior to the Chou. His family, the K'ung, had moved to the
篇五：英文介绍名人
chan, April 7, 1954 was born in Hong Kong vivtoria and native shandong, the greater China area film star and international kung fu movie superstar, in Chinese world very prestigious and influence. He and Stephen chow chow, saying "double Monday into", meaning the Hong Kong movie box office guarantee. The Hong Kong film awards won many of the best design honorary title. Jackie chan is famous for its kung fu movies, many times to break the Hong Kong film box office records, the film starring global total box office has more than 20 billion yuan, for the Chinese actor. Jackie chan is the well-known kung fu comedy the drunken fist "; 1994 by he starred in "red" areas of the public in the United States after a strong response to make it into the USA Hollywood; "Rush hour" series movie also gain the highest box office, and lay the international film star status.
陈，1954年4月7日出世在香港太平山与山东本土，大中国地区的电影明星和国际功夫电影巨星，在中国的世界非常著名的影响。他和周星驰Chow说，“双星期一成”，意味着香港电影的票房保证。香港电影金像奖赢得了许多荣誉称号的最佳设计。成龙是著名的功夫电影，多次打破香港电影的票房记录，由全球总票房已超过20000000000元的电影，为中国的演员。成龙是著名的功夫喜剧的醉拳”；1994由他主演的“红”的公共领域在美国进入美国好莱坞的强烈反应后；《尖峰时刻》系列电影还获得最高票房，奠定了国际电影明星的地位。
Jackie's lifelong devotion to fitness has served him well as he continues to do stunt work and action sequences in his films. In recent years, Jackie's focus has shifted and he is trying new genres of film – fantasy, drama, romance – and is spending more and more time on his charity work. He takes his work as Ambassador for UNICEF/UNAIDS very
seriously and spends all his spare time working tirelessly for children, the elderly, and those in need. He continues to make films in Hong Kong, including the blockbuster drama New Police Story in 2004. Jackie has been married to Lin Feng-Jiao since 1982 and has a son, actor-singer Jaycee Chan. To learn more about Jackie you can read his biography, I Am Jackie Chan.
杰基的一生奉献给健身一直担任他以及他继续做他的电影特技和动作序列。近年来，杰基的重点已经转移，他在电影–幻想，新类型剧，浪漫–，越来越多的时间花在他的慈善工作。他以他的工作为联合国儿童基金会的联合国艾滋病规划署/大使很严重的，花了他所有的业余时间工作不知疲倦地为儿童，老年人，和有需要的人。他继续在香港拍电影，包括大片戏剧新警察故事2004。杰基自1982已结婚林丰正焦有一个儿子，演员兼歌手房祖名。了解更多关于杰基，你可以读他的传记，我是成龙。
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