a,dog,s,dilemma

篇一：A Dog's Dilemma

A Dog's Dilemma(困境)

Finding a babysitter（保姆）while you go out to work is, for example, an

inconvenience(不便). For the African wild dog, one of the continent's(大陆的)most endangered(濒临灭绝的)carnivores(食肉动物), it's a matter of life and death. New research shows that once packs fall below a certain size, they are not enough animals to both hunt food and stay at home protecting(保护)the young.

The African wild dog has declined(下降) drastically(大幅度)over the past century. Habitual(习惯性)loss, persecution(迫害)and unexplained(不明原因的)outbreaks(爆发)of disease(疾病) have all been blamed(指责). Only 3 000 to 5 000 animals remain(保持), and the species(物种)is expected(预期)to go extinct(灭绝)within decades(几十年)if the trend(趋势)continues.

Other large carnivores(食肉动物)such as the spotted(发现)hyena(土狼)face

similar(类似)pressures(压力), yet are not declining(下降). Now Franck Courchamp of Cambridge University has found a reason why. The dog's weakness(弱点)lies in its social organization(组织).Within each pack of up to 20 adults(成人)and pups(幼犬), only the dominant(主导)male and female breed(品种). The remaining(剩余) animals help raise the pups, cooperating(合作)to hunt prey(猎物)and defend(保卫)the kill from other carnivores(食肉动物).

Because pups can't keep up on a hunt, large packs leave an adult behind to protect(保护) them from predators(捕食者), which include(包括)lions and hyenas(土狼). But leaving a babysitter also carries costs(成本). A smaller hunting party is less able to tackle(解决)large prey(猎物)and to defend(保卫)the kill. There is also one less stomach(胃)in which to carry food back to the den(窝), and one more mouth to feed when they get there. Courchamp investigated(调查)this awkward(尴尬)trade-off(平衡)by modeling(建

模)how the costs(成本)of a babysitter change with decreasing(减少)pack size. This showed that packs of more than five adults should be able to feed all the pups and still spare a babysitter. But with smaller packs(包), either the hunting or the babysitting suffers(遭受), or the animals have to compensate(补偿)by increasing the number of hunting excursions(旅行)- which itself carries a cost to the pack. Field observations(观察)in Zimbabwe(津巴布韦)supported the model. Packs of five animals or fewer left pups unguarded(没有防备)more frequently(经常)than larger packs

did. There was also evidence(证据)that when they did leave a babysitter, they were forced(迫使)to hunt more often.

A pack which drops below a critical(关键)size becomes caught in a vicious circle(恶性循环), says Courchamp, who is now at Paris-Sud University. "Poor reproduction(繁殖) and low survival(生存)further reduces(减少)pack size, culminating(终极)in failure(失败)of the whole pack." And deaths caused by human activity(活动), says Courchamp, may be what reduces pack numbers to below the sustainable(可持

续)threshold(入口\门坎). Mammal(哺乳动物) ecologist(生态学家) Chris Carbone at London's Institute of Zoology (生态)agrees(同意). Maintaining(维护)the integrity(完整)of wild dog packs will be vital(至关重要的)in preserving(保存)the species(物种), he says.

1． The African Wild dog hasbeen endangered．

A． Right B．wrong C． Notmendoned

2． The spotted hyena is onthe verge of extinction．

A． Right B．wrong C， Not mentioned

3． The remaining lions will die out within decades．

A． Right B，wrong C， Not mentioned

4． The dominant female is always left behind to protect the young．

A． Right B．wrong C， Not mentioned

5． There is a tension between babysitting and hunting．

A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

6. The size of a pack must be big enough for it to survive.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

7. Steps will be taken to protect the African wild dog.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

key：A B C B A A C

篇二：职称英语综合类阅读判断练习题：A Dog‘s Dilemma

第十三篇 A Dog‘s Dilemma

Finding a babysitter while you go out to work is，for example，an inconvenience.For the African wild dog，one of the continents?s most endangered carnivores，it?s a matter of life and death.New research shows that once packs fall below a certain size，they are not enough animals to both hunt food and stay at home protecting the young.

The African wild dog has declined drastically over the past century.Habitual loss，persecution and unexplained outbreaks of disease have all been blamed.Only 3，000 to 5，000 animals remain，and the species is expected to go extinct within decades if the trend continues.

Other large carnivores such as the spotted hyena face similar pressures，yet are not

declining.Now Franck Courchamp of Cambridge University has found a reason why.The dog?s weakness lies in its social organization.

Within each pack of up to 20 adults and pups，only he dominant male and female bread.The remaining animals help raise the pups，cooperating to hunt prey and defend the kill from other carnivores.

Because pups can?t keep up on a hunt，large packs leave an adult behind to protect them from predators，which include lions and hyenas.But leaving a babysitter also carries costs.A smaller hunting party is less able to tackle large prey and to defend the kill.There is also one less stomach in which to carry food back to the den，and one more mouth to feed when they get there.

Courchamp investigated this awkward trade-off by modeling how the costs of a babysitter change with decreasing pack size.This showed that packs of more than five adults should be able to feed all the pups and still spare a babysitter.But with smaller packs，either the hunting or the babysitting suffers，or the animals have to compensate by increasing he number of hunting excursions—which itself carries a cost to the pack.

Field observations in Zimbabwe supported the model.Packs of five animals or fewer left pups unguarded more frequently than larger packs did.There was also evidence that when they did leave a babysitter，they were forced to hunt more often.

A pack which drops below a critical size becomes caught in a vicious circle，says Courchamp，who is now at Paris-Sud University.“Poor reproduction and low survival further reduces pack size，culminating in failure of the whole pack.” And deaths caused by human activity，says Courchamp，may be what reduces pack numbers to below the sustainable threshold.Mammal ecologist Chris Carbone at London?s Institute of Zoology agrees.Maintaining the integrity of wild dog packs will be vital in preserving the species，he says.

_____________________________________________________________________

译文：

狗的两难境地

例如，当你出去工作时找一个临时照顾孩子的保姆是很不方便的。而对于大陆上最有灭绝危 险的食肉动物之 非洲野狗来说，这是一件生死攸关的事情。新的研究显示，一旦一个动物

群低于某种规模，就没有足够的动物既去捕猎又留在家里保护幼崽。

在过去的一个世纪里，非洲野狗的数量急剧下降。原因是惯常的损失、残害和莫名其妙的疾 病的暴发。目前只剩下3千到5千只野狗，如果这个势头继续下去的话，在数十年里，这个物种 就会灭绝0 ！

其他“大型食肉动物，如带斑点的鬣狗也面临着类似的压力，但数量并没有下降。现在，剑 桥大学的富兰克？顾尚已经发现了原因。狗的弱点在于它的社会组织。

在一个包括多达20只大小狗的狗群中，只有占支配地位的母狗和公狗可以产仔。其他的狗帮 助抚养小狗，共同捕猎和防御其他食肉动物的捕杀。

因为小狗在猎食时跟不上来，大的狗群会留下一只成年的狗来保护它们而不受包括狮子、鬣 狗在内的捕食动物的伤害。但是留下一只看护狗也是要付出代价的。一个较小的捕猎群体不太容 易捕捉大动物，也不太容易保卫猎获物。而且少了一个带食回窝的胃，回到窝还多了一张吃东西

k尚通过模拟随着狗群的减小看护狗的代价的变化研究这种两难境地。研究显示，多于五只 成年狗的狗群应该能够喂养所有的小狗，并仍然能留一只狗做看护狗。但是规模稍小的狗群中，捕猎或看护小狗都会遭受损失，要么这些狗就得增加出猎的次数作为弥补——这本身就需要狗群 付出代价。

在津巴布韦进行的野外观察支持这一结论。包括五只或五只以下成年狗的狗群比规模大些的 狗群更经常地把小狗独自留下，而没有看护。还有证据表明，当它们留下一只看护狗时，它们不 得不更经常地捕猎。

现在在巴黎大学的顾尚说，一个群体的规模降到警戒线以下时就会陷入恶性循环。“少量的 繁殖和低存活率进一步减小了狗群的规模，最终导致整个狗群的消亡。”顾尚说人类行为导致的 死亡可能是使狗群成员数量低于可维持的最低点的原因。伦敦动物学研究所的哺乳动物生态学家 克里斯？卡波恩也同意这种说法。他说保持非洲野狗群的完整对保护该物种是重要的。

练习

1.The African wild dog has been endangered.

A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

_____________________________________________________________________

2.The spotted hyena is on the verge of extinction.

A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

3.The remaining lions will die out within decades.

A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

4.The dominant female is always left behind to protect the young.

A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

5.There is a tension between babysitting and hunting.

A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

6.The size of a pack must be big enough for it to survive.

A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

7.Steps will be taken to protect the African wild dog.

A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

答案与题解：

A本题ji这么说的：非洲野狗有濒临灭绝的危险。文章第二段是这么说的：The African wild dog has declined drastically over the past century…… the species is expected to go extinct within decades if the trend continues.在过去的一个世纪里，非洲野狗的数量急剧下降……如 果这个势头继续下去的话，在数十年里，这个物种就会灭绝。

B本题说的是t带斑点的鬣狗濒临灭绝。文章第三段是这么说的：其他的大型食肉动物，如带斑点的鬣狗面临着类似的压力，但数量并没有下降。可见，题目说的跟文章说的不 符。

C本题说：剩下的狮子在几十年里都会死光。文章提到了“狮子”，但没有说狮子也是濒临 灭绝的一种大型食肉动物，尽管事实确实如此。注意：我们是考对文章的理解，而不是考世 界知识。hyena /hai'iins/ n.截狗 prey /prei/ n.被捕食的动物 culminate /'kAlmineit/ n.告终；达到顶点 Zimbabwe /zim'baibwei/ n.津巴布韦

B该题是这么说的：占支配地位的母狗总是留下来保护小狗。文章有这么一句话：Within each pack of up to 20 adults and pups，only the dominant male and female breed.在一个包括多 达20只大小狗的狗群中，只有占支配地位的母狗和公狗可以产仔。又说：Because pups can't keep up on a hunt，large _____________________________________________________________________

packs leave an adult behind to protect them from predators，which include lions and hyenas.因为小狗在猎食时跟不上来，大的狗群会留下一只成年的狗来保护 它们而不受包括狮子、鬣狗在内的捕食动物的伤害。这两句话提到了占支配地位的母狗和谁来保护小狗，可以看出，本题表达的命题跟文章的内容是不符的。

A该题说的是：看护小狗与猎食是不能统一的。第五段是这么说的：But leaving a babysitter also carries costs.A smaller hunting party is less able to tackle large prey and to defend the kill.但是留下一只看护狗也是要付出代价的。一个较小的捕猎群体不太容易捕捉大动物，也不 太容易保卫猎获物。这就是矛盾。文章其他地方也提到了这一点。

A该题说的是：一个群体必须足够大才能生存下来。这个命题是正确的。解释可见注释2.

C该题说：将釆取措施保护非洲野狗。文章最后一句话：Maintaining the integrity of wild dog packs will be vital in preserving the species，he says.他说保持非洲野狗群的完整对保护 该物种是重要的。但文章没有说将釆取何种措施保护非洲野狗。

_____________________________________________________________________

篇三：unit 3 Doctor's Dilemma

Unit 3 Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die?

Abigail Trafford

1. Medical advances in wonder drugs, daring surgical procedures, radiation therapies, and intensive-care units have brought new life to thousands of people. Yet to ma(来自:WwW.smhaida.Com 海达 范文 网:a,dog,s,dilemma)ny of them, modern medicine has become a double-edged sword.

2. Doctor’s power to treat with an array of space-age techniques has outstripped the body’s capacity to heal. More medical problems can be treated, but for many patients, there is little hope of recovery. Even the fundamental distinction between life and death has been blurred.

3. Many Americans are caught in medical limbo, as was the South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim, who was kept alive by artificial means after he had been knocked unconscious in a fight and his brain ceased to function. With the permission of his family, doctors in Las Vegas disconnected the life-support machines and death quickly followed.

4. In the wake of technology’s advances in medicine, a heated debate is taking place in hospitals and nursing homes across the country--- over whether survival or quality of life is the paramount goal of medicine.

5. “It gets down to what medicine is all about,”says Daniel Callahan, director of the Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. “Is it really to save a life? Or is the larger goal the welfare of the patient?”

6. Doctors, patients, relatives, and often the courts are being forced to make hard choices in medicine. Most often it is at the two extremes of life that these difficulty ethical questions arise --- at the beginning for the very sick newborn and at the end for the dying patient.

7. The dilemma posed by modern medical technology has created the growing new discipline or bioethics. Many of the country’s 127 medical schools now offer courses in medical ethics, a field virtually ignored only a decade ago. Many hospitals have chaplains, philosophers, psychiatrists, and social workers on the staff to help patients make crucial decisions, and one in twenty institutions has a special ethics committee to resolve difficult cases.

.

Death and Dying

8. Of all the patients in intensive-care units who are at risk of dying, some 20 percent present difficult ethical choices--- whether to keep trying to save the life or to pull back and let the patient die. In many units, decisions regarding life-sustaining care are made about three times a week.

9. Even the definition of death has been changed. Now that the heart-lung machine can take over the functions of breathing and pumping blood, death no longer always comes with the patient’s “last gasp” or when the heart stops beating. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have passed brain-death statutes that identify death as when the whole brain ceases to function.

.

10. More than a dozen states recognize “living wills” in which the patients leave instructions to doctors not to prolong life by feeding them intravenously or by other methods if their illness becomes hopeless. A survey of California doctors showed that 20 to 30 percent were following instructions of such wills. Meanwhile, the hospice movement, with its emphasis on providing comfort --- not cure --- to the dying patient, has gained momentum in many areas.

11. Despite progress in society’s understanding of death and dying, theory issues remain. Example:

A woman, 87, afflicted by the nervous-system disorder of Parkinson’s disease, has a massive stroke and is found unconscious by her family. Their choices are to put her in a nursing home until she dies or to send her to a medical center for diagnosis and possible treatment. The family opts for a teaching hospital in New York city. Tests show the woman’s stroke resulted from a blood clot that is curable with surgery. After the operation, she says to her family: “Why did you bring me back to this agony?” Her health continues to worsen, and two years later she dies.

.

12. On the other hand, doctors say prognosis is often uncertain and that patients, just because they are old and disabled, should not be denied life-saving therapy. Ethicists also fear that under the guise of medical decision not to treat certain patients, death may become too easy, pushing the country toward the acceptance of euthanasia.

13. For some people, the agony of watching high-technology dying is too great. Earlier this year, Woodrow Wilson Collums, a retired dairyman from Poteet, Texas, was put on probation for the mercy killing of his older brother Jim, who lay hopeless in his bed at a nursing home, a victim of severe senility resulting from Alzheimer’s disease. After the killing, the victim’s widow said: “I thank God, Jim’s out of his misery. I hate to think it had to be done the way it was done, but I understand it. ”

.

Crisis in Newborn Care

14. At the other end of the life span, technology has so revolutionized newborn care that it is no longer clear when human life is viable outside the womb. Twenty-five years ago, infants weighting less than three and one-half pounds rarely survived. The current survival rate is 70 percent, and doctors are “salvaging” some babies that weigh only one and one-half pounds. Tremendous progress has been made in treating birth deformities such as spina bifida. Just ten years ago, only 5 percent of infants with transposition of the great arteries --- the congenital heart defect most commonly found in newborns --- survived. Today, 50 percent live.

15. Yet, for many infants who owe their lives to new medical advances, survival has come at a price. A significant number emerge with permanent physical and mental handicaps.

16. “The question of treatment and nontreatment of seriously ill newborns is not a single one,” says Thomas Murray of the Hastings Center. “But I feel strongly that retardation or the fact that someone is going to be less than perfect is not good grounds for allowing an infant to die.”

17. For many parents, however, the experience of having a sick newborn becomes a lingering

nightmare. Two years ago, an Atlanta mother gave birth to a baby suffering form Down’s Syndrome, a form of mental retardation; the child also had blocked intestines. The doctors rejected the parents’ plea not to operate, and today the child, severely retarded, still suffers intestinal problems.

18. “Every time Melanie has a bowel movement, she cries,” explains her mother. “She’s not able to take care of herself, and we won’t live forever. I wanted to save her from sorrow, pain, and suffering. I don’t understand the emphasis on life at all costs, and I’m very angry at the doctors and the hospital. Who will take care of Melanie after we’re gone? Where will you doctors be then?”

Changing Standards

19. The choices posed by modern technology have profoundly changed the practice of medicine. Until now, most doctors have been activists, trained to use all the tools in their medical arsenals to treat disease. The current trend is toward nontreatment as doctors grapple with questions not just of who should get care but when to take therapy away.

20. Always in the background is the threat of legal action. In August, two California doctors were charged with murdering a comatose patient by allegedly disconnecting the respirator and cutting off food and water. In 1981, a Massachusetts nurse was charged with murdering a cancer patient with massive doses of morphine but was subsequently acquitted.

21. Between lawsuits, government regulations, and patients’ rights, many doctors feel they are under siege. Modern technology actually has limited their ability to make choices. More recently, these actions are resolved by committees.

Public Policy

22. In recent years, the debate on medical ethics has moved to the level of national policy. “It’s just beginning to hit us that we don’t have unlimited resources,” says Washington Hospital Center’s Dr. Lynch. “You can’t talk about ethics without talking ethics without talking about money.”

23. Since 1972. Americans have enjoyed unlimited access to a taxpayer-supported, kidney dialysis program that offers life-prolonging therapy to all patients with kidney failure. To a number of police analysts, the program has grown out of control --- to a $1.4billion operation supporting 61,000 patients. The majority are over 50, and about a quarter have other illness, such as cancer or heart disease, conditions that could exclude them from dialysis in other countries.

24. Some hospitals are pulling back from certain lifesaving treatment. Massachusetts General Hospital, for example, has decided not perform heart transplants on the ground that the high costs of providing such surgery help too few patients. Burn units --- through extremely effective --- also provide very expensive therapy for very few patients.

25. As medical scientists push back the frontiers of therapy, the moral dilemma will continue to

grow for doctors and patients alike, making the choice of to treat the basic question in modern medicine

Comprehension Check

1. Recent medical advances have______

A. left many accident victims without the ability to receive insurance benefits.

B. Forced a debate over whether survival or quality of life is the paramount goal of medicine

C. Made ethical decisions much easier for doctors because of the intervention of the courts

D. None of the above.

2. Difficult ethical questions often arise_______

A. at the end of life for the dying patient

B. during the beginning of life for the newborn infant

C. Both A and B D. neither A nor B

3. In intensive-care units, it is common to find decisions regarding life-sustaining care made___

A. three times a year B. three times a month

C. three times a week D. three times a day

4. The majority of the states in America have passed laws that define the time of death as the

moment when________

A. a patient breathes his “last gasp”

B. the whole brain ceases to function

C. the heart stops

D. both the brain and the heart cease to function

5. Woodrow Wilson Collums killed his older brother Jim because________

A. Jim’s wife asked him to do so

B. He was habitually mistreated by Jim and hated him

C. Jim laid a “living will” and asked Woodrow to do so.

D. He couldn’t put up with the agony of watching Jim dying painfully

6. One of the problems with the great progress medicine has made in saving the lives of newborn

babies is that many_________

A. waste great amounts of medical resources

B. never grow to a normal size or weight

C. must be kept completely apart from their families and other babies

D. have permanent physical and mental handicaps

7. The decision of whether or not to let a patient die_________

A. is now a completely private matter between the doctor and his or her patient

B. is always resolved to the benefit of the patient

C. is frequently made by committees

D. is often ruled by the court

8. Some hospitals are now cutting back on certain expensive life-saving treatments, such as heart

transplants, because________

A. they are simply too painful

B. they are often nightmares for the patient’s family

C. they are not done properly

D. they help very few people.

9. The article is NOT concerned with_________

A. drug-addicted patients B. moral questions on medicine

C. the definition of death D. mercy killing

10. The tone of this article can be described as _________

A. sarcastic and pessimistic B. emotional and optimistic

C. subjective and emotional D. objective and concerned

Group Discussion

An American woman suffered severe brain damage and was kept alive by a feeding tube for 15 years. She died 13days after her feeding tube was removed, drawing worldwide attention to the issue of the right to live and the right to die.

1. What decision would you make if you were her parents, husband or the judge?

2. Is society obligated to preserve life at any cost? Or is there a point when nature should be allowed to take its course?

3. What is your attitude toward the practice of euthanasia or mercy killing?

篇四：A Dogs Dilemma狗的两难境地

A Dogs Dilemma狗的两难境地

1.Finding a babysitter while you go out to work is，for example，an inconvenience.For the African wild dog，one of the continents‘s most endangered carnivores，it’s a matter of life and death.New research shows that once packs fall below a certain size，they are not enough animals to both hunt food and stay at home protecting the young.

1.例如，当你出去工作时找一个临时照顾孩子的保姆是很不方便的。而对于大陆上最有灭绝危险的食肉动物之 非洲野狗来说，这是一件生死攸关的事情。新的研究显示，一旦一个动物群低于某种规模，就没有足够的动物既去捕猎又留在家里保护幼崽。

2.The African wild dog has declined drastically over the past century.Habitual loss，persecution and unexplained outbreaks of disease have all been blamed.Only 3，000 to 5，000 animals remain，and the species is expected to go extinct within decades if the trend continues.

2.在过去的一个世纪里，非洲野狗的数量急剧下降。原因是惯常的损失、残害和莫名其妙的疾 病的暴发。目前只剩下3千到5千只野狗，如果这个势头继续下去的话，在数十年里，这个物种 就会灭绝！

3.Other large carnivores such as the spotted hyena face similar pressures，yet are not declining.Now Franck Courchamp of Cambridge University has found a reason why.The dog‘s weakness lies in its social organization.

3.其他“大型食肉动物，如带斑点的鬣狗也面临着类似的压力，但数量并没有下降。现在，剑 桥大学的富兰克？顾尚已经发现了原因。狗的弱点在于它的社会组织。

4.Within each pack of up to 20 adults and pups，only he dominant male and female bread.The remaining animals help raise the pups，cooperating to hunt prey and defend the kill from other carnivores.

4.在一个包括多达20只大小狗的狗群中，只有占支配地位的母狗和公狗可以产仔。其他的狗帮 助抚养小狗，共同捕猎和防御其他食肉动物的捕杀。

5.Because pups can‘t keep up on a hunt，large packs leave an adult behind to protect them from predators，which include lions and hyenas.But leaving a babysitter also carries costs.A smaller hunting party is less able to tackle large prey and to defend the kill.There is also one less stomach in which to carry food back to the den，and one more mouth to feed when they get there.

5.因为小狗在猎食时跟不上来，大的狗群会留下一只成年的狗来保护它们而不受包括狮子、鬣 狗在内的捕食动物的伤害。但是留下一只看护狗也是要付出代价的。一个较小的捕猎群体不太容 易捕捉大动物，也不太容易保卫猎获物。而且少了一个带食回窝的胃，回到窝还多了一张吃东西。

6.Courchamp investigated this awkward trade-off by modeling how the costs of a babysitter change with decreasing pack size.This showed that packs of more than five adults should be able to feed all the pups and still spare a babysitter.But with smaller packs，either the hunting or the babysitting suffers，or the animals have to compensate by increasing he number of hunting excursions—which itself carries a cost to the pack.

6.尚通过模拟随着狗群的减小看护狗的代价的变化研究这种两难境地。研究显示，多于五只成年狗的狗群应该能够喂养所有的小狗，并仍然能留一只狗做看护狗。但是规模稍小的狗群中，捕猎或看护小狗都会遭受损失，要么这些狗就得增加出猎的次数作为弥补——这本身就需要狗群 付出代价。

7.Field observations in Zimbabwe supported the model.Packs of five animals or fewer left pups unguarded more frequently than larger packs did.There was also evidence that when they did leave a babysitter，they were forced to hunt more often.

7.在津巴布韦进行的野外观察支持这一结论。包括五只或五只以下成年狗的狗群比规模大些的 狗群更经常地把小狗独自留下，而没有看护。还有证据表明，当它们留下一只看护狗时，它们不 得不更经常地捕猎。

8.A pack which drops below a critical size becomes caught in a vicious circle，says Courchamp，who is now at Paris-Sud University.“Poor reproduction and low survival further reduces pack size，culminating in failure of the whole pack.” And deaths caused by human activity，says Courchamp，may be what reduces pack numbers to below the sustainable threshold.Mammal ecologist Chris Carbone at London‘s Institute of Zoology agrees.Maintaining the integrity of wild dog packs will be vital in preserving the species，he says.

8.现在在巴黎大学的顾尚说，一个群体的规模降到警戒线以下时就会陷入恶性循环。“少量的 繁殖和低存活率进一步减小了狗群的规模，最终导致整个狗群的消亡。”顾尚说人类行为导致的 死亡可能是使狗群成员数量低于可维持的最低点的原因。伦敦动物学研究所的哺乳动物生态学家 克里斯？卡波恩也同意这种说法。他说保持非洲野狗群的完整对保护该物种是重要的。

篇五：2012年职称英语综合类阅读判断15篇完整版

第二部分 阅读判断???????(50)

第一篇 A New Start??????(50)

第二篇 “Own" Your Children's Education ???????(52) 第三篇TV Game Shows??????????¨(53)

第四篇 Smoking ????? ??????—(55)

第五篇Plants.and Mankind???????????(56)

第六篇 Brands??? ???????????(58)

第七篇 Moderate Earthquake Strikes England ????(60) 第八篇Easy Learning??????????—(62)

第九篇 The First Settlement in North America???????(64,) 第十篇The wo,ke,s'R01e in Mangement ?????(65)

第十一篇 Computer Mouse?” ????????????(67) ，第十二篇American Sports ????????????(69)

+第十三篇 A Dog's dilemma．????????????????(?1) +第十四篇 The National Trust。 ????????一(?3)

+第十五篇 Lower Body Fat Means Better Performance

第一篇a new start

新的开始

after christmas comes the anti-christmas. if the festive season is all about filing up on the things you like that are bad for you, then the new year is

the ' detox season '- when people across the western world adopt special diets to lose weight and get rid of the vague feeling that they have spent the last few weeks poisoning themselves.

圣诞节后反圣诞!如果你在这个欢乐季节里狂吃你喜欢,但对身体不利的东西,那么新年就是“解毒的季节”—在些期间,整个西方世界的人们都吃特殊饮食来减肥,并消除在过去几周里吃下了不利健康的有毒物质的疑虑.

but are detox diets really necessary ? after all, the body itself gets rid of unwanted substances. that's what the liver and kidney are for.

但解毒包含真的必要吗?毕竟,身体本身可以排出不需要的物质,解毒任务由肝和肾来承担.

“the detox fad - or fads, as there are many methods - is an example of the capacity of people to believe in and pay for magic despite the lack of any sound evidence,”says martin wiseman, professor of human nutrition at the university of southampton in the uk。 英国南安普顿大学的人类营养学教授马丁威斯曼说“人们有在缺乏证据的情况下依然相信魔法,并愿意为这付出代价的习性,解毒时尚—或种种解毒时尚(因为有多种方法)的盛行—就是一个例证.”

most of the pills, juices, teas and oils that are sold for their detoxifying effects on the body have no scientific foundation for their claims,according to the research.people would be better of having a glass of water and going to bed early

据研究,市场上销售的声称对身体有解毒作用的多数药丸,果汁,各种茶叶和油,是缺乏科学依据的.喝上一杯水,早点上床对人们更有好处.

detox diets may be magic rather science, but they are the kind of magic which many people want to perform. that may have something to do with the western diet in general。

解毒饮食可能是魔术但并非科学,但却是一种让许多人想以身相试的魔术.这大概与西方的饮食(习惯)有关.

scientists and dieticians argue that the benefits people feel are not due to their body getting rid of excessive toxins but are due to changing from what is likely to have been a poor diet.

科学家和饮食学家认为人们感到从中获益并非因为他们的身体排出了多余的毒素,可能是因为一直食用“差”的产生的结果.

having fewer headaches, for example, is probably the result of being fully hydrated due to drinking so much water and better skin may be due to eating more fruit and vegetables.

例如,很少头痛可能是由于喝水很多,充分吸水的结果.皮肤改善可能是由于食用了更多水果和蔬菜的缘故.

detox diets may also be dangerous,as they may deprive vulnerable groups - pregnant women, for instance, or growing teenagers - of the kind of nutrients they need.

解毒包含可能也会带来危险,因为这些饮食可能剥夺了脆弱人群—如孕妇或正在长身体的青少年—所需的营养种类.

yet their popularity continues to rise. this may be something to do with the way that food works within many western cultures. generally, a country's food develops along with its economy and society.food becomes part of a person's cultural identity.

然而,这些饮食的受欢迎程度继续上升.这可能与食物在许多西方文化中的地位有关.一般来说,一个国家的食物随着经济与社会的发展而发展,食物成了一个人文化身份的一部分.

in some countries, this link has been broken. in the uk, for example, rapid industrialization in the 18th and 19th centuries saw millions of people move from the countryside to the towns interrupting the development of a national cuisine.

the united states, a country of immigrants from many different places, has found it hard to develop a national cuisine.in both places, comparatively few people cook for themselves and food supply is dominated by big processing and agribusiness companies.

在一些国家,这种联系已经被打破.如在英国,十八十九世纪,由于快速工业化,几百万人从乡下移居城镇,中断了民族烹饪的发展.美国是一个移民国家,移心不烦自许多不同的地方,它发现很难发展自己的民族烹饪.在这两个国家,较少有人自己做饭,食品供应由大的食品加工和农工联合企业控制.

detox diets are more popular in these countries than in places like france and italy, where strong links between food and national culture remain,and where far more people regularly cook for themselves instead of buying processed foods.

解毒饮食在这些国家比在象法国和意大利这样的国家更受欢迎,因为法国和意大利的包含和民族文化有着密切的联系,而且两国有更多的人经常自己做饭而不是买加工食品.

perhaps detox diets are successful because many westerners have lost trust in what they eat. on the other hand, they may help re-introduce people to the kind of food that is necessary for a healthy diet. and after learning that,they won't poison themselves in the first place.

也许解毒饮食是成功的,因为许多西方人已经对他们吃的东西失去了信任,但反过来说,解毒包含可能有助于重新让人们了解健康饮食所必备的食物.明白了这一点,首先,人们就不会吃不健康食物毒害自己.

this would mean radical changes in the way that people eat across the west. and that would be an unwelcome development for the food industry.form the business point of view, it is much better to sell people the problem and then sell them the solution.

这意味着整个西方国家人们的饮食方式会发生根本性的变化,对食品行业来说,这会是不受欢迎的发展变化.从商业角度看,上策是先把问题卖给人们,然后再把解决问题的办法卖给人们,两头获利.

词汇：

detox v.& n.解毒、去毒 fad n.风尚

dietician n.饮食学家 hydrate v.水化，使吸水

cuisine n.烹饪术 agribusiness n.农业综合经营

注释：

1. the capacity of people to believe in and pay for magic despite the lack of any sound evidence

人们在缺乏证据的情况下依然相信魔法，并愿意为之付出代价的习性

2. This may be something to do with the way that food works within many western cultures.

这可能和食物在许多西方文化中的地位有关。be something to do with和have something to do with同义。

练习：

1. Detox begins after Christmas when people think that they have been overeating during the Christmas season and have taken in many substances that are bad for their health.

A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

2. Many pregnant women and growing teenagers are suffering from mal-nutrition because of the detox-diets they take.

A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

3. Both the UK and the USA lack a national cuisine as a result of similar historical

development.

A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

4. The French and the Italians cook for themselves more often than the British and the Americans，which helps them to keep the link between food and their culture.

A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

5. On the whole the eastern people like the Chinese and the Japanese have a stronger link between their food and their culture than the western people.

A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

6. A positive effect of detox diets is that it helps people to see what foods

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