my,canada,food,gide

篇一：A survey of Canadian food culture

A survey of Canadian food culture This lecture tells us about that there are some specific aspects of Canada. From the PPT, first, we can see some facts about Canada, such as population, area, language, roads, currency, capital city and largest city. Then we know the relationships that belong to the Canada and England, France and America. Next, it tells us about the Canadian flag and government. Besides, we get some information about the Canadian contributions to the international community. Finally, we can learn to something about the Canadian holidays, food and animals.

Concerning the Canadian culture, my interest is in the food. At first, Canadian food is

basically the same as American food. Both of them not only like eating wheaten-based food, but also eating the meat and vegetables. Moreover, there are some eating habits, for example, In Canada, you should buy a bunch of flowers to the host before you go to a party, which is for to convey your thanks. Besides, on the table, the women and man should sit on the right of the

hostess and host and you must clean you lips before you start to have the dinner, which is to keep the cup clean. What's more, when you are having dinner, there are not chopsticks, but knives and forks. And it is impolite that you make some noise and speak at dinner. The Canadians think the right and grace table manners are a kind of expression of gentility. In addition, there are three habits that Canadians always obey in having dinner: the first one is that Canadians never serve alcohol and tobacco, because they are prohibited by the low. The second one is that they never eating hot food. The Canadians cook the dishes before the guests come to their home. When the guests get their home, the dishes become cold, which is cold food. The third one is that they never set the table for guests. If Canadians invite many guests to come to their house, the guests will use the one-off plastic plates and forks to get the food by themselves. All of these are the eating habits of Canada.

Compared with the Chinese culture, there are many differences between China and

Canada. Firstly, the rice is the main food in the south of China and the food that is made of wheat is main food in the north of China, and all of them like eating meat and vegetables. Further more, if the Chinese invite some guests to come to their house, they will prepare much food, some

alcohol and tobacco and set the table for all of the guests. On the one hand, the guests will set the main seat, which is to show their warmth and(转载于:www.smhaida.com 海 达 范 文网:my,canada,food,gide) respect for the guests. On the other hand, the Chinese people like talking about the important things with drinking when they are having dinner. These are Chinese eating habits.

In a word, the different countries have different eating habits, which is a part of a country's culture. We live in the big family that belongs to everyone in the world, so we should keep our own culture and respect others' culture.

篇二：加拿大人吃货们眼中的美国食品

加拿大人垂涎美国人的5种大餐

One would think that, with the USA being just south of the Canadian border, its unique and delicious cuisine would have migrated more to its northern neighbours. While some delicacies like the ―KFC double down‖, ―twinkies‖, and the ―Krispy Kreme burger‖ have made their way up*, Canadians dream of more options from the US's plethora of fine foods. Here are five American foods that canadians truly crave.

* Cheese and bacon sandwiched between two fillets of juicy fried chicken; spongy cakes with creamy fillings; oozing cheeseburger tucked between two doughnuts.

既然加拿大离美国这么近，那想必美国的美味佳肴也都会―移民‖到北边的邻居家里吧？这么想的话你可就大错特错了。虽然加拿大人身边也有诸如 ―肯德基双层炸鸡汉堡‖、―奶油松糕‖―甜甜圈汉堡‖等美国佳肴*，但他们做梦都想着从美国的饕餮大宴中分到更多的美味。下面就来介绍五种加拿大人非常眼馋的美国食物。

*肯德基双层炸鸡汉堡－KFC double down:两片多汁的炸鸡夹着芝士和培根

奶油松糕－Twinkies: 涂满了奶油的蛋糕，像海绵一般柔软。

甜甜圈汉堡－Krispy Kreme burgers:芝香四溢的芝士堡叠在两个甜甜圈中间。

CHIPS AHOY COOKIES

趣多多曲奇

While Canada has Chips Ahoy cookies, we don't have all of the fun varieties that can be found in America. The craziest version of the chocolate chip cookie to be found in the country is rainbow Chips Ahoy. Meanwhile, Americans indulge on birthday cake, Reese's cups, chocolate gooey centre, and salted caramel chunk cookies, the idea of which makes us northerners' mouths water.

加拿大人也有趣多多曲奇，但品种完全不及美国人那么多有趣和全面。在加拿大，最特别的巧克力曲奇估计就是彩虹趣多多了。相比之下，美国的趣多多却有那么多不同的口味！有生日蛋糕、瑞茜杯、软心巧克力蛋糕、咸焦糖饼干——光听名字就让北方佬们口水直流。

CHICKEN-FRIED STEAK

炸鸡牛排

This southern special can be made at home by just about anyone, but it never quite turns out the same as the authentic grease-filled breakfast served by a number of restaurants in the US. The dish isn't a mix of two meats, but rather a flat, tenderized steak breaded and prepared like fried chicken. It's traditionally topped off with white sausage gravy, a thick, whitish-grey sauce poured generously over top.

任何加拿大人都能在厨房里做出这道美国菜，但味道总是及不上美国餐厅里供应的早餐——那叫一个脂香四溢！这道菜并非两种肉的混合，而是一块捶软的扁平牛排，上面撒上面包屑，做成炸鸡的样子。一般还会均匀地浇上白香肠肉汁——一种浓郁的灰白色酱汁。

REALLY GOOD BBQ

终极烧烤

Canadians love the summer, cottages, and barbeque. But I often find myself struggling to find dishes that compare to those down south. Canadians tend to skimp on rubs and sauces and the meat often ends up turning out dry. Some barbeque restaurants with specialties and unique BBQ sauces do exist, but they tend to cost customers quite a bit. Also, Canadians seem to not understand that you cannot skimp on the sides of coleslaw, potato salad, and mac and cheese.

加拿大人喜欢夏天，小屋和烧烤。但我感觉我们的烧烤就是比不过美国人。加拿大人往往在黄油和酱汁上太过吝啬，以至于烤出来的肉总是干巴巴的。当然加拿大也有独具风味的烧烤餐厅，但通常也比较贵。另外，加拿大人似乎永远记不住这一点——作为配菜的卷心菜沙拉、土豆沙拉和芝士千层面一定要给足分量啊喂！

SONIC'S RED VELVET MOLTEN CAKE SUNDAE

―音速小子‖店里的红丝绒熔岩蛋糕圣代

Canadians often are envious when they hear stories about the all-American fast food

chain Sonic – where customers are served on roller skates. What Canadians don't know is that the joint has one of the most mouth-watering deserts found in any fast food restaurant: the red velvet molten cake sundae. The high-calorie, high-sugar treat consists of a succulent, scarlet cake that oozes hot fudge, soft-serve ice cream, and all of the usual sundae fixings.

加拿大人一提到―音速小子‖——全美快餐连锁店就会口水直流。店里的食物都是由穿着滑冰鞋的服务生送到顾客手中的。但加拿大人不知道的是，这家店火爆的关键在于它最令人垂涎的甜点：红丝绒熔岩蛋糕圣代。这是一种高卡路里、高糖份的美味，是一块冒着热奶油的多汁红丝绒蛋糕，加上口感柔软的冰淇淋，再配上圣代。

MEXICAN FOOD

墨西哥菜

篇三：加拿大介绍(英文)

Canadian flag has a red maple leaf on a red but white background.The maple leaf is the emblem of Canada. It's the second biggest country on the planet. Ottawa is the capital of Canada.

Canada’s food

As some historical reason ,Canada have the same food as America and English. but as the cold weather ,they prefer baked food, this is their special food: beef ,eggs ,tomatoes ,potatoes .

篇四：初一英语上册阅读理解专题复习

专题练习之四 阅读理解

A

根据所给的阅读材料完成表格，每空一词。

Jane is from Toronto, Canada. She’s thirty-two. Now she is a high school teacher in Beijing. Kumiko comes from Tokyo. She is twenty-two years old. She is a doctor in Beijing. Huang Hua is from Tianjin. He is twenty-five. He works in Beijing. They come from different countries, but they all work hard for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

B

I am Wang Lin, I am twelve years old. My pen pal Tom is form the United States. He is the same age as I. He is a middle school student in Beijing. There are three people in his family. His father is a teacher, he teaches English in a high school in Beijing. His mother is an English teacher, too. But they work in different schools. Tom goes to school in his mother’s car every day. They all like Chinese food. Tom’s father likes Guangdong food, he thinks it is delicious. Tom’s mother’s favorite food is Sichuan food. But Tom doesn’t like Sichuan food, he thinks it is too hot. So they often eat out on weekends.

( ) 6. How old is Tom? _______________

A. Eleven B. Twelve C. we don’t know

( ) 7. Tom’s father is _________________

A. a teacher B. an English teacher C. teaches English

( ) 8. Maybe (可能) Tom in the same school with _________

A. his mother B. Wang Lin C. his father

( ) 9. Tom doesn’t like Sichuan food because (因为)____________________

A. his father like it B. his mother like it C. it is too hot

( ) 10. They often eat out on weekends because ________________

A. they like Chinese food B. they like American food C. they are lazy (懒的)

C

John is six years old. He can read and write well. But he can`t tell the time. His mother, Mrs Brown teaches him many times, but he still can`t tell. He would say “brerakfast time”, “lunchtime” and “teatime” instead of (代替) saying eight o`clock, twelve o`clock and four o`clock in the afternoon. His mother doesn`t know how to help him.

One day John`s aunt, Mary comes to see his mother. His mother tell her about that. His aunt says. “Let me help you. I think I can help him.”

When John comes home after school, Mary begins (开始) to teach him..

“Can you count,John ?” she asks him.

“Yes. One ,two three,four …”John says.

“That`s fine. Now I put the long hand (钟表的长指针) on twelve and the short hand on one －that is one o`clock. If I put the short hand on two, what is the time?’’

“Two o`clock.”

“Good. And on three?”

“Three o`clock.”

Then it is four o`clock in the afternoon, and John`s aunt asks him, “What time is it now ,John?”

“Teatime, Aunt, and I am very hungry (饥饿).” John looks at the clock and answers.

( ) 11. John `s mother can`t teach him to __________.

A. read B. write C. tell the time

( ) 12. When it`s twelve o`clock John says it`s __________.

A. breakfasttime B. lunchtime C. teatime

( ) 13. The word “count” may mean (意思是) ____________.

A. 计算 B. 数数 C. 认为

( ) 14. The long hand is on twelve, and the short hand is on five. What`s the time?

A. It`s twelve B. It`s five C. It`s four

( ) 15. From the text (文章), we know _______.

A. John says teatime instead of four o`clock in the afternoon.

B. John has a nice watch (手表).

C. There is something wrong with John`s watch.

D

阅读下面的短文，根据短文内容，用英语简要回答问题。

Mr. Wang is our English teacher. He is more than (多于) fifty years old. He is tall and thin with black hair. He has a big nose and small eyes. He always wears a pair of glasses. He often wears a dark blue jacket and black pants. He is strict (严格的) at his work, but he is kind to us. He teaches English well. He often makes us laugh in his class. We all think English is very interesting. We all like him very much, too.

( ) 16. How old is Mr. Wang?

A. 50 B. 45 C. more than 50

( ) 17. What does Mr. Wang look like?

A. tall B. short C. nice

( ) 18. What does he often wear?

A. a watch B. a pair of glasses C. a hat

( ) 19. What color is his jacket?

A. black B. green C. blue

( ) 20. How do the students think of Mr. Wang?

A. He is interesting B. He is kind C. He teaches English

E

Uncle Lee is coming to have dinner with us. Mum and I go shopping.

We don`t have any meat (肉). We need to buy some. It`s ten yuan a kilo before (以前). But now two kilos are sixty yuan. I say, “Mum, let`s buy some fish.” Mum answers, “OK.” Fish is

Uncle Lee`s favorite food. We buy one kilo and a half. We also buy some vegetables and some chicken, but we don`t buy any hamburgers. Uncle Lee doesn`t like them at all. Mum also wants to buy me some apples. You know, I like apples very much. But we can`t find any. We go home at a quarter to five in the afternoon.

( ) 21. How much is meat now?

A. Ten yuan a kilo. B. Fifteen yuan a kilo C. Thirty yuan a kilo

( ) 22. What doesn`t mum buy?

A. meat B. chicken C. hamburgers

( ) 23. Uncle Lee`s favorite food is __________.

A. fish B. chicken C. noodles

( ) 24. The writer`s (作者的) favorite fruit (水果) is __________.

A. apples B. bananas C. oranges

( ) 25. What time do they go home?

A. at 5:15 B. at 4:45 C. at 5:45

F

Alan is an English boy. Now he studies in Shanghai Yucai Middle School. He is in Grade Seven. He has a dog. It`s black and white. The dog`s very clever. Alan likes it very much. Its faveorite food is bone (骨头). Every day when Alan gets home, the dog meets him in front of (在……前面) the house.

Alan`s friend, Jenny is an American girl. She is in Shanghai, too. They are in the same grade. But in different classes. She has a pet panda. It`s also a black and white, but it`s not a real (真正的) panda. It`s a toy. The panda is very clean (干净的). Jenny often washes it in water. Where is the panda now? Oh, it`s sleeping (睡觉) with Jenny. Every night it sleeps with Jenny.

( ) 26. Where is Alan from?

A. England B. America C. Canada

( ) 27. What`s Alan`s pet dog`s favorite food?

A. fish B. meat C. bone

( ) 28. What grade is Jenny in?

A. seven B. eight C. nine

( ) 29. What does the dog do when Alan gets home from school?

A. It sleeps with him

B. It meets him in front of the house

C. It runns with him.

( ) 30. What animal is black and white according to the passage (根据文章)?

A. cat B. dog C. panda and dog

G

Mary is from Canada. She teaches English in China now. she know a little Chinese. She isn`t free from Monday to Friday. So she often goes shopping on Saturday (星期六).

Today is Saturday. Mary goes to the shop. She comes out of her car and goes into the shop. “What can I do for you?” the girl in the shop asks her in Chinese. Mary thinks she can tell the boy what she wants in Chinese. So she says in Chinese, “A quilt (被子), please.” Then the girl goes to the back of the shop. “My Chinese is not bad. The girl understands (理解) me.” She thinks. Mary is happy. Soon (不久) the girl comes back. She shows Mary a cup (杯子).

( ) 31. What`s Mary?

A. a student B. a doctor C. a teacher

( ) 32. What does Mary often do on Saturday?

A. do some washing B. go shopping C. go to school

( ) 33. How does Mary go to the shop?

A. by bus B. by train C. by car

( ) 34. What does Mary think of her Chinese?

A. very good B. very bad C. very poor

( ) 35. What does the girl think Mary need?

A. a cup B. a quilt C. books

H

Hello, boys and girls. My name is Kangkang. I`m from Tianjin. I`m No.1 middle school.

My mother works in No.1 middle school. She teaches Chinese. My father is a doctor in a hospital. They both work hard.

On Sunday my mother and I often do some shopping. My mother likes shopping a lot. We will go shopping this Sunday afternoon. My mother says she will buy me a red coat. But I don`t like red. I want a yellow one. My mother says yes to me. I am happy.

My father doesn`t like shopping at all. He likes animals best. He often takes me to the zoo. My favorite animal is the panda. I think panda are very cute. This Sunday morning my father will go to the zoo with me.

I love my parents very much. They love me, too. I have a happy family.

( ) 36. Kangkang`s mother is a ____________.

A. doctor B. nurse C. teacher

( ) 37. What color does Kangkang like?

A. red B. yellow C. black

( ) 38. ______ likes animals best.

A. Kangkang`s mother B. Kangkang C. Kangkang`s father

( ) 39. ______ is Kangkang`s favorite animal?

A. the monkey B. the panda C. the elephant

( ) 40. There are (有) ______ people in Kangkang`s family.

A. two B. three C. four

I

I am a student in China now. My name is Kelly Smith. I live with my parents, two sisters and a brother in Beijing. My parents teach English in No. 6 Middle School. I study in the same school. I am happy here, because I like my new school and the classmates. They are very kind to me. They like to play with me because I look different from them. I have blue eyes and long blond hair. They often say I look like a doll (洋娃娃). Also I speak English well, so lots of students like to talk with me to improve (提高) their English.

( ) 41. How many people are there in Kelly`s family?

A. three B. five C. six

( ) 42. Kelly`s parents are _______.

A. doctors B. teachers C. farmers

( ) 43. Why does Kelly like her new school?

A. Because it is very big.

B. Because it is very beautiful

C. Because the calssmates are kind to her.

( ) 44. What color are Kelly`s eyes?

A. blonde B. black

( ) 45. Why do students like to talk with Kelly?

A. Because Kelly is a beautiful girl.

B. Because Kelly`s English is very good.

C. Because Kelly is very interesting. C. blue

参 考 答 案

1. Canadian 2. teacher 3. Japan 4. Tianjin 5. worker

6—10 BAACA 11—15 CBBBA 16—20 CABCB 21--25 CCAAB 26—30 ACABC 31—35 CBCAA 36—40 CBCBB 41—45 CBCCB

阅读理解，根据短文内容选择正确答案。

I am a schoolboy. I have lessons from Monday to Friday. On Sunday morning, I usually get up very late. I wash my face and then go out to do morning exercises. It is about nine o'clock. After I eat my breakfast. I often go to the park with my parents. The park is not far (远) from our home, so we go there by bike. It takes us about ten minutes to get there by bike. There are many people in the park. They are men and women, old and young. Parents must look after their children. There is a big lake in the middle of the park. Some children are swimming, some are boating with their parents. I like boating very much. I want to boat, too. My parents buy three tickets. We have a good time there. How happy we are!

Choose the right answers:

1、I have lessons ______days a week.

A．four B．five

C．six D．seven

2、I often ______ on Sundays.

A．go to school B．get up early

C．get up late D．go to bed late

3、On Sundays, there are _______ people in the park.

A．much B．very much

C．a little D．lots of

4、I like ______ very much.

篇五：Lesson 13 Food Safety

Lesson 13 Food Safety

1 Introduction

Food legislation in all countries is intended to ensure the safety of human and animal foods, including food ingredients produced by both traditional and modern methods in both short-and -long-term usage. However, judgments with respect to the degree of risk-benefit involved must be based all the data of expensive chemical, toxicological, and nutritional tests. Such data, supplemented with detailed experimental data, are then submitted to the appropriate regulatory agency. The commercial success of a new technology depends on ease of entry into the marketplace. Obtaining regulatory clearances to manufacture and market products, however, results in long delays in the delivery of useful products. Extensive safety testing is an impediment in the food industry in particular, with its traditionally low margins of profit. Governments of all countries are trying to adhere as closely as possible to internationally agreed food standards developed through the Codex Alimentarius Commission jointly administered by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Each government agency usually sets standards not only for the composition and microbiological standards of foods, but also for their labeling and advertising. Many regulations have been promulgated that are applicable to the manufacture of foods, drugs, and medical devices, the so-called Good Manufacturing Practices regulations (GMPs), which pervasively govern nearly all aspects of manufacturing processes.

Table 1 Summary of criteria used in the safety evaluation of foods

Source：adapted from：Biotechnology and the Food Industry, Edwards and Fleet (1989), Gordon and Breach Science publishers, New York.

Within the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) are the agencies mainly responsible for the safety of all human and animal foods, including ingredients or additives that are produced by both modern and traditional means. The principal statute administered by FDA is the federal Food-Drug and Cosmetic Act (as amended in 1982).There is also the federal Meat and Poultry Products Inspection Act. Genetically altered plants may be subject to the federal Plant Pest Act and other laws depending on how they are constructed and their intended use. In Canada, novel food additives are required to meet the existing data requirements outlined in the Canadian Food & Drug Regulations, in addition to questions related to genetic modification. Also on the national level, Agriculture Canada regulates and inspects agrifood products of biotechnology, and Health Canada undertakes the development of regulations that would require premarket notification for novel foods produced by biotechnology. Since in 1973, the safety aspects of genetic engineering have been the subject of considerable debate in many countries.

2 Safety Evaluation of Novel Food Products

The safety of recombinant DNA (rDNA) or hybridoma technologies in place of conventional processes should not be a major reason for concern, although one cannot assume that these technologies will not present dangers in the future. The long history of traditional biotechnology may be cited as evidence of its benign nature, because organisms have been manipulated by natural selection for centuries in growing crops, breeding domestic animals, and effecting the bioconversion of agricultural products into food and drink (cheese, yogurt, wine, beef, etc.).The existing regulatory frame-work outlined in connection with the evaluation of the safety of foods (Table 1) seems to be sufficient to cope with genetically engineered organisms and their products. Such regulation does not apply to organisms obtained by means of the techniques of genetic modification through mutagenesis and cell fusion, since these specific applications have been used in a number of applications and have a long safety record. Although there are national differences, the general principles used are similar all over the world.

In Canada a novel food is defined as any food that has not been used previously to any significant degree for human consumption. A similar definition exists for a novel food process. Of most immediate concern are (1) products that contain genetically modified organisms or result from production by genetically modified organisms, (2) products and processes that have never been used before as food or to process food, (3) microorganisms that have never been used as food or in the processing of food and (4) substantially modified traditional products and processes. In other cases, the manufacturer is requested by the Canadian Food Directorate to seek further advice with respect to notification requirements. Determination of the need for notification and the safety

assessment of each novel product is on a case-by-case basis, and the novel substance is compared to an analogous traditional food. For example, a new microorganism in a food product might be considered to be a food additive. Notification may not be required if a high degree of similarity exists. This concept of substantial equivalence is similar to the policy developed by the organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 1993).The Food Directorate in Canada and the FDA in the United States do not intend to establish new procedures or requirements to govern the new products of biotechnology intended for food use. GRAS food substances are sufficient. It is generally agreed that the application of genetic modification does not inherently increase or decrease the risk associated with an organism. However, a wide variety of modification is possible through genetic manipulation, and the potential for the introduction of toxic compounds, unexpected secondary effects, and changes in nutritional and toxicological characteristics gives rise to safety concerns. In the case of food constituents consisting of single chemical products or well-defined mixtures, procedures for safety assessment are well developed and internationally accepted. Specifications for identity and purity developed for products from traditional sources may not be entirely adequate to ensure the safety of products derived from genetically modified organisms, however, an additional specifications may need to be drafted.

The safety issue of whole foods derived from genetically modified microorganisms, plants, and animals is more difficult than that of single food constituents or defined chemical mixtures that will be used in food. The basis for the safety assessment of whole foods is the comparison of molecular, compositional, toxicological, and nutritional data for the modified organism with that of its traditional counterpart. If the genetic modification is well defined the safety evaluation can be limited to information on the development and production of the modified organism and comparison of the compositions of the modified and unmodified cases. If a genetically altered organism is found to be significantly different from a traditional one, a more comprehensive review on toxicological and nutritional tests, including in vitro and in vivo assays, is required for the novel product. Where there are potential concerns related to the allergenicity of the product, limited human volunteer studies and limited marketing trials may be required after a review of data from comprehensive animal and laboratory tests. Table 2 summarizes some topics for consideration in the regulation of foods and food ingredients derived from new biotechnologies.

3 Containment: Physical and Biological

When designing DNA cloning experiments, any possible biohazards associated with the creation of recombinations of genes must be contained, to minimize the potential risks to humans and to the environment. Several agencies such as the WHO, the Medical Research Council of Canada, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Genetic Manipulation Advisory

Committee of the United Kingdom have developed specific guidelines for the conduct of rDNA work. These guidelines are intended to prevent the inadvertent exposure and dispersal of recombinant molecules；to this end they specify the implementation of stringent physical and biological containment (barrier) systems.

Table 2 Some areas of safety consideration in the regulation of foods, food ingredients, and processing aids derived from new biotechnologies

Microorganisms

Production of fermented foods and beverages by genetically engineered starter cultures

Application to extend shelf life and use biological control agents by genetically engineered strains

Direct consumption of engineered strains or their derived components as foods(e.g., SCP)

Use of engineered microbial metabolites as food ingredients or processing aids

Plant

Products derived from recombinant DNA products

Products derived from tissue cultures by somaclonal / gametoclonal variation

Animals

Use of genetically engineered substances administered to the animal and use in food derived from this animal Use as food of transgenic animals developed by gene technology

Source：Adapted From：Biotechnology and the Food Industry, Edwards and Fleet (1989), Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York.

Physical containment is self-explanatory and encompasses several aspects of laboratory areas. Biological containment refers to measures generally built in to a recombinant molecule or its propogating host for the purpose limiting its chance of survival outside the laboratory. Both the physical and biological containment systems are divided into different levels. In the NIH system, which is generally recognized as the gold standard, levels of physical containment are designated P1 (the least) through P4 (the most stringent). An HVI system provides a moderate level of containment, and HVII as a high level.

Persons in the United States and Canada wishing to conduct field trials of regulated substances in the environment must obtain a permit from the American Plant Health Inspection Service (APHLS) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of Environmental Canada. Any person, before undertaking a deliberate release of a genetically modified organism (GMO) for the purpose of research and development or for any other purpose than placing on the market, must submit a notification to the competent authority of the state or province within whose territory the release is to take place.

4 Promises and Limitations

Despite numerous food applications envisioned and the potential benefits of biotechnology in plant, animal, and food ingredients, many new products face technical obstacles that remain to be overcome before they can be launched into commercial production. There are several notable technical limitations: genetic maps (i.e., the identification of the location of desired genes on various chromosomes) have not been constructed for most of the industrially useful GRAS microorganisms, genetic systems for GRAS organisms (e.g., the availability of useful vectors) are at early stage of development, and physiological pathways and the sequence of enzymatic steps leading from raw material to the desired product remain to be completely elucidated. The number of genes necessary is also a major limitation, since rDNA is most useful when only a single, easily identifiable gene is needed. It is more difficult to use rDNA technology when the genes have not yet been identified and several genes must be transferred. Additional problems regarding plasmid stability include possible genetic transfer between plasmid and chromosome due to sequence homology or to transposons (“jumping genes”, i.e., sequences of DNA that can combine with foreign DNA by a mechanism that does not rely on sequence homology).As more novel products are developed and are on the market niebling, 1995, the emphasis will shift rapidly from the technical to the regulatory arena. Where public perceptions of risks associated with the novel technology may threaten to hinder the achievement of its potential. Unless the public is convinced that the potential benefits exceed any potential risks, the technology cannot be used. Public acceptance of biotechnology is especially critical when novel technological methods are applied to the production of whole food. The public is more receptive to the application of biotechnology in developing human gene therapy and new drugs than in producing foods. One good example of the importance of public perception is the controversy around the marketing of bovine somatotropin (BST), a hormone that stimulates increased milk production and can be produced by a recombinant DNA process. Opponents of BST mostly members of public interest groups and agricultural groups, have undertaken a nationwide campaign to prevent marketing of the recombinant hormone, and the controversy surrounding its safety and socioeconomic impact has created an inhospitable climate for foods and food ingredients produced by the new technologies. Thus public perception seems to be much more important than scientific reality in determining the regulatory course.

Some of the unresolved issues on a national and an international basis include allergy considerations, labeling of biotechnology products, and social, moral, and ethical issues, as well as consumer acceptance. Calgene, developers of the Flavr Savr tomato, will accompany the product with a label declaration indicating that it is derived from genetic engineering. Among those

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