无敌天下笔趣阁

篇一：太有意思了——不要脸天下无敌(转发)

太有意思了——不要脸天下无敌（转发）

2013-9-26

太有意思了——不要脸天下无敌（转发）

有个女人色诱贪官被立即拘捕；

有个女人有41套房产至今还未立案；

有个男人为救自己的爱人贪污十余万被判十年；

有一帮贪污数十亿的贪官至今未判！-----这就是残酷的现实：

一个中国，两个世界1！

国人仇的不是富，是不仁；

恨的不是官，是贪腐；

骂的不是穷，是不公！

【他们都是未成年人......】一位未成年孩子父亲表示：孩子的照片不需要马赛克处理，我孩子没犯罪，怕啥！一位未成年孩子的母亲表示：孩子的真实姓名及照片不能披露，我儿子是个好孩子！

【又想开征拥堵费了】又是与国际接轨！还拿伦敦说事儿，你有什么脸和英国比？英国人均工资3.2万磅是中国的十几倍！护照146个国家免签！你连小弟朝鲜都不给你免签！英国全民医保！你这儿看不起病等死的数不胜数！英国人均寿命远高于中国！pm2.5好于中国百倍！对你有利的就国际接轨了，对你不利的如官员财产公开就中国特色了，不要脸天下无敌

一个国家的税收有多高，就代表国民被压榨程度有多高！

一个国家的食品有多毒，就代表这个国家的人心有多毒！

一个国家的水源有多脏，就代表这个国家的官员有多脏！

一个国家的空气有多差，就代表这个国家的政府有多差！

一个国家的维稳有多重，就代表奴役国民程度有多重！

一个国家官员的家属从哪里往哪里跑，就代表世界上的制度哪里最差，哪里最好！

篇二：西游一出,天下无敌

芜湖中国米市2013将主推电子商务—米米网

虚拟与实体完全并行的品牌，通常在创建网络品牌之初具有优势，“米米网”就打算做这样的网上虚拟与实体并行的品牌。

芜湖中国米市在以大米交易为核心经营功能的基础上，融合皮革、家居装饰材料、家具、小商品（旅游产品）服装、五金机电、汽摩汽配等多种业态以及米米网、餐饮美食、文化娱乐、体育健身等服务项目，集交易、展示、研发、信息、商务（米米网）等于一体，构成“一站式、综合型、多功能”的现代购物、娱乐、消费的天堂。优越的区域位置，雄厚的产业基础，注定了市场商贸及米米网网络购物的活跃繁荣。318国道、205国道、京福高铁芜湖站等构成的四通八达的交通网络，使芜湖中国米市物流直接辐射到长三角地区乃至我国东南沿海，米米网的推出更是将覆盖面扩大至全国乃至世界。芜湖中国米市在实现高速发展的同时，将着力推广电子商务领域—米米网的这一新型购物模式。

芜湖中国米市内部专门组建了电子商务-米米网团队，而且米米网平台已于2012年12月8日正式上线。目前线下实体部分的产品以大米企业、服装、建材、宾馆系列为主，而线上则以米制品为定位，米米网的推出希望充分运用网络的优势吸引更多的客户群体，充分利用实体的优势给客户以真实的产品感受，最终达到实体（芜湖中国米市）与虚拟（米米网）的完美结合。

篇三：Excel表格25招无敌天下

Excel表格25招无敌天下

一、让不同类型数据用不同颜色显示

在工资表中，如果想让大于等于2000元的工资总额以“红色”显示，大于等于1500元的工资总额以“蓝色”显示，低于1000元的工资总额以“棕色”显示，其它以“黑色”显示，我们可以这样设置。

1.打开“工资表”工作簿，选中“工资总额”所在列，执行“格式→条件格式”命令，打开“条件格式”对话框。单击第二个方框右侧的下拉按钮，选中“大于或等于”选项，在后面的方框中输入数值“2000”。单击“格式”按钮，打开“单元格格式”对话框，将“字体”的“颜色”设置为“红色”。

2.按“添加”按钮，并仿照上面的操作设置好其它条件(大于等于1500，字体设置为“蓝色”；小于1000，字体设置为“棕色”)。

3.设置完成后，按下“确定”按钮。

看看工资表吧，工资总额的数据是不是按你的要求以不同颜色显示出来了。

二、建立分类下拉列表填充项

我们常常要将企业的名称输入到表格中，为了保持名称的一致性，利用“数据有效性”功能建了一个分类下拉列表填充项。

1.在Sheet2中，将企业名称按类别(如“工业企业”、“商业企业”、“个体企业”等)分别输入不同列中，建立一个企业名称数据库。

2.选中A列(“工业企业”名称所在列)，在“名称”栏内，输入“工业企业”字符后，按“回车”键进行确认。

仿照上面的操作，将B、C??列分别命名为“商业企业”、“个体企业”??

3.切换到Sheet1中，选中需要输入“企业类别”的列(如C列)，执行“数据→有效性”命令，打开“数据有效性”对话框。在“设置”标签中，单击“允许”右侧的下拉按钮，选中“序列”选项，在下面的“来源”方框中，输入“工业企业”，“商业企业”，“个体企业”??序列(各元素之间用英文逗号隔开)，确定退出。

再选中需要输入企业名称的列(如D列)，再打开“数据有效性”对话框，选

中“序列”选项后，在“来源”方框中输入公式：=INDIRECT(C1)，确定退出。

4.选中C列任意单元格(如C4)，单击右侧下拉按钮，选择相应的“企业类别”填入单元格中。然后选中该单元格对应的D列单元格(如D4)，单击下拉按钮，即可从相应类别的企业名称列表中选择需要的企业名称填入该单元格中。

提示：在以后打印报表时，如果不需要打印“企业类别”列，可以选中该列，右击鼠标，选“隐藏”选项，将该列隐藏起来即可。

三、建立“常用文档”新菜单

在菜单栏上新建一个“常用文档”菜单，将常用的工作簿文档添加到其中，方便随时调用。

1.在工具栏空白处右击鼠标，选“自定义”选项，打开“自定义”对话框。在“命令”标签中，选中“类别”下的“新菜单”项，再将“命令”下面的“新菜单”拖到菜单栏。

按“更改所选内容”按钮，在弹出菜单的“命名”框中输入一个名称(如“常用文档”)。

2.再在“类别”下面任选一项(如“插入”选项)，在右边“命令”下面任选一项(如“超链接”选项)，将它拖到新菜单(常用文档)中，并仿照上面的操作对它进行命名(如“工资表”等)，建立第一个工作簿文档列表名称。

重复上面的操作，多添加几个文档列表名称。

3.选中“常用文档”菜单中某个菜单项(如“工资表”等)，右击鼠标，在弹出的快捷菜单中，选“分配超链接→打开”选项，打开“分配超链接”对话框。通过按“查找范围”右侧的下拉按钮，定位到相应的工作簿(如“工资.xls”等)文件夹，并选中该工作簿文档。

重复上面的操作，将菜单项和与它对应的工作簿文档超链接起来。

4.以后需要打开“常用文档”菜单中的某个工作簿文档时，只要展开“常用文档”菜单，单击其中的相应选项即可。

提示：尽管我们将“超链接”选项拖到了“常用文档”菜单中，但并不影响“插入”菜单中“超链接”菜单项和“常用”工具栏上的“插入超链接”按钮的功能。

四、制作“专业符号”工具栏

在编辑专业表格时，常常需要输入一些特殊的专业符号，为了方便输入，我们可以制作一个属于自己的“专业符号”工具栏。

1.执行“工具→宏→录制新宏”命令，打开“录制新宏”对话框，输入宏名?如“fuhao1”?并将宏保存在“个人宏工作簿”中，然后“确定”开始录制。选中“录制宏”工具栏上的“相对引用”按钮，然后将需要的特殊符号输入到某个单元格中，再单击“录制宏”工具栏上的“停止”按钮，完成宏的录制。 仿照上面的操作，一一录制好其它特殊符号的输入“宏”。

2.打开“自定义”对话框，在“工具栏”标签中，单击“新建”按钮，弹出“新建工具栏”对话框，输入名称——“专业符号”，确定后，即在工作区中出现一个工具条。

切换到“命令”标签中，选中“类别”下面的“宏”，将“命令”下面的“自定义按钮”项拖到“专业符号”栏上(有多少个特殊符号就拖多少个按钮)。

3.选中其中一个“自定义按钮”，仿照第2个秘技的第1点对它们进行命名。

4.右击某个命名后的按钮，在随后弹出的快捷菜单中，选“指定宏”选项，打开“指定宏”对话框，选中相应的宏(如fuhao1等)，确定退出。

重复此步操作，将按钮与相应的宏链接起来。

5.关闭“自定义”对话框，以后可以像使用普通工具栏一样，使用“专业符号”工具栏，向单元格中快速输入专业符号了。

五、用“视面管理器”保存多个打印页面

有的工作表，经常需要打印其中不同的区域，用“视面管理器”吧。

1.打开需要打印的工作表，用鼠标在不需要打印的行(或列)标上拖拉，选中它们再右击鼠标，在随后出现的快捷菜单中，选“隐藏”选项，将不需要打印的行(或列)隐藏起来。

2.执行“视图→视面管理器”命令，打开“视面管理器”对话框，单击“添加”按钮，弹出“添加视面”对话框，输入一个名称(如“上报表”)后，单击“确定”按钮。

3.将隐藏的行(或列)显示出来，并重复上述操作，“添加”好其它的打印视面。

4.以后需要打印某种表格时，打开“视面管理器”，选中需要打印的表格名称，单击“显示”按钮，工作表即刻按事先设定好的界面显示出来，简单设置、

排版一下，按下工具栏上的“打印”按钮，一切就OK了。

六、让数据按需排序

如果你要将员工按其所在的部门进行排序，这些部门名称既的有关信息不是按拼音顺序，也不是按笔画顺序，怎么办?可采用自定义序列来排序。

1.执行“格式→选项”命令，打开“选项”对话框，进入“自定义序列”标签中，在“输入序列”下面的方框中输入部门排序的序列(如“机关,车队,一车间,二车间,三车间”等)，单击“添加”和“确定”按钮退出。

2.选中“部门”列中任意一个单元格，执行“数据→排序”命令，打开“排序”对话框，单击“选项”按钮，弹出“排序选项”对话框，按其中的下拉按钮，选中刚才自定义的序列，按两次“确定”按钮返回，所有数据就按要求进行了排序。

七、把数据彻底隐藏起来

工作表部分单元格中的内容不想让浏览者查阅，只好将它隐藏起来了。

1.选中需要隐藏内容的单元格(区域)，执行“格式→单元格”命令，打开“单元格格式”对话框，在“数字”标签的“分类”下面选中“自定义”选项，然后在右边“类型”下面的方框中输入“；；；”(三个英文状态下的分号)。

2.再切换到“保护”标签下，选中其中的“隐藏”选项，按“确定”按钮退出。

3.执行“工具→保护→保护工作表”命令，打开“保护工作表”对话框，设置好密码后，“确定”返回。

经过这样的设置以后，上述单元格中的内容不再显示出来，就是使用Excel的透明功能也不能让其现形。

提示：在“保护”标签下，请不要清除“锁定”前面复选框中的“∨”号，这样可以防止别人删除你隐藏起来的数据。

八、让中、英文输入法智能化地出现

在编辑表格时，有的单元格中要输入英文，有的单元格中要输入中文，反复切换输入法实在不方便，何不设置一下，让输入法智能化地调整呢?

选中需要输入中文的单元格区域，执行“数据→有效性”命令，打开“数据有效性”对话框，切换到“输入法模式”标签下，按“模式”右侧的下拉按钮，

选中“打开”选项后，“确定”退出。

以后当选中需要输入中文的单元格区域中任意一个单元格时，中文输入法(输入法列表中的第1个中文输入法)自动打开，当选中其它单元格时，中文输入法自动关闭。

九、让“自动更正”输入统一的文本

你是不是经常为输入某些固定的文本，如《电脑报》而烦恼呢?那就往下看吧。

1.执行“工具→自动更正”命令，打开“自动更正”对话框。

2.在“替换”下面的方框中输入“pcw”(也可以是其他字符，“pcw”用小写)，在“替换为”下面的方框中输入“《电脑报》”，再单击“添加”和“确定”按钮。

3.以后如果需要输入上述文本时，只要输入“pcw”字符?此时可以不考虑“pcw”的大小写?，然后确认一下就成了。

十、在Excel中自定义函数

Excel函数虽然丰富，但并不能满足我们的所有需要。我们可以自定义一个函数，来完成一些特定的运算。下面，我们就来自定义一个计算梯形面积的函数：

1.执行“工具→宏→Visual Basic编辑器”菜单命令(或按“Alt+F11”快捷键)，打开Visual Basic编辑窗口。

2.在窗口中，执行“插入→模块”菜单命令，插入一个新的模块——模块1。

3.在右边的“代码窗口”中输入以下代码：

Function V(a,b,h)V = h*(a+b)/2End Function

4.关闭窗口，自定义函数完成。

以后可以像使用内置函数一样使用自定义函数。

提示：用上面方法自定义的函数通常只能在相应的工作簿中使用。 十一、表头下面衬张图片

为工作表添加的背景，是衬在整个工作表下面的，能不能只衬在表头下面呢?

1.执行“格式→工作表→背景”命令，打开“工作表背景”对话框，选中需要作为背景的图片后，按下“插入”按钮，将图片衬于整个工作表下面。

2.在按住Ctrl键的同时，用鼠标在不需要衬图片的单元格(区域)中拖拉，同时选中这些单元格(区域)。

篇四：蒙古帝国--蒙古三次大西征：蒙古铁骑为何能无敌天下？

蒙古三次大西征：蒙古铁骑为何能无敌天下？

蒙古西征图

蒙古建国后，于公元1219年至1260年的四十余年时间，先后进行了三次大规模的西征，建立起庞大的帝国，对世界历史的影响既深且远。

三次西征

第一次西征(1219-1225)公元1219年，成吉思汗为了肃清乃蛮部的残余势力，以及消灭西域的强国花剌子模(Khorazm)，便藉口花剌子模杀蒙古商队及使者，亲率二十万大军西征。他的四个儿子术赤、察合台、窝阔台、拖雷，以及大将速不台、哲别随行。蒙军长驱直入中亚后，于1220年攻占了花剌子模的都城撒马尔干(Samarkand)，其国王西逃，成吉思汗令速不台、哲别等穷追之。因此蒙军便西越里海、黑海间的高加索，深入俄罗斯(Russ)，于1223年大败钦察(Kipchak)和俄罗斯的联军。另成吉思汗又挥军追击花剌子模的太子札阑丁，在印度河流域打败之。1225年，成吉思汗凯旋东归，将本土及新征服所得的西域土地分封给四个儿子，后来发展为四大汗国。

第二次西征(1235-1244)公元1227年，成吉思汗在灭亡西夏前不久死去，后三子窝阔台继任大汗。窝阔台于1235年派遣其兄术赤之次子拔都，率五十万大军再度西征。西征军很快就彻底灭亡花剌子模，杀札阑丁。不久又大举征服俄罗斯，攻陷莫斯科、基辅诸城，并分兵数路向欧洲腹心挺进。1241年，北路蒙军在波兰西南部的利格尼兹(Legnica)，大破波兰与日耳曼的联军。拔都亲率蒙军主力由中路进入匈牙利，大获全胜，其前锋直趋意大利的威尼斯，全欧震惊，称为“黄祸”。正当西方各国惶惶不可终日之际，拔都忽接窝阔台驾崩的噩耗，于是急速班师。

第三次西征(1253-1260)蒙哥于1251年即大汗位后，令其弟旭烈兀率兵西征。这次西征主要方向是西南亚地区，头等目标是消灭木剌夷国(Mulahida，在今里海南岸的伊朗北部)。1257年，蒙军荡平木剌夷之地，并挥师继续西进，攻陷报达(Baghdad，今巴格达)，屠杀八十万人，灭亡历时五百余载的黑衣大食(Abbasids)。此后旭烈兀又率兵攻陷阿拉伯的圣地麦加，攻占大马士革，其前锋曾渡海收富浪(即今地中海东部的塞浦路斯岛)。本来他还要进一步攻打埃及，因得到蒙哥伐宋阵亡的消息，便率主力班师。

蒙古大军西征为什么所向无敌？

历史上蒙古大军在十三世纪发动了数次大规模的西征，凭借较少的军队和漫长的后勤供应战胜了所有的敌人（1260年对穆斯林的爱因加鲁特战役失利未计算在内），改变了整个亚欧的历史，也促进了欧洲和近东的军事革命。在几次西征中蒙古军队的数量通常很少，总数不过最多20万人左右（欧洲战场从未超过15万），单次战役的人数则更少，没有出现在中原对金的钧州一战中列阵“层层叠叠，厚20里”的情形。这有哪些原因呢？拙文想从以下几个方面进行分析。

蒙古军队攻城

一、西方各国军队采用的战术不适应蒙古人改进的东方战术

其实，东西方的文化和思维方式的差别很早就在双方作战时的战术体现出来了。在东方（以中国和阿拉伯文化为代表的范围内）的战争史上，从来没有出现过西方那种队形极其严密、排成密集方阵，步、骑、弓箭、投枪诸兵种密切协同的军队。这是西方人思维严谨、讲究科学分工、善于组织大的系统工程的表现。而中国战国时代的车阵、明朝戚继光组织对付倭寇的鸳鸯阵和对付鞑靼的车、骑协同战阵是远不能与之相比的。

东方军队作战时，队形不严整，讲究部队作战的机动性和战术的灵活性，受《孙子兵法》的影响，讲究“诡道”而不讲究堂堂正正的正战。这种战术意识的支配下，军队的单位攻击力和防护力并不强，如果对付罗马帝国和马其顿帝国的密集步兵方阵，采用正面作战的方式根本没有胜利的可能。

与东方军队不同的是，西方军队一开始就采用严密的队形，特别强调突出正战的攻击力和防护力，以罗马和马其顿的步兵方阵为例。这种步兵方阵通常由贵族和平民排成20

排以上密集的队伍，身着厚厚的重甲，手握长枪，越往后排，长枪越长，架在前排的肩膀上，这

样就在方阵的正面形成了真正的丛枪如林，方阵的后面则通常由奴隶紧紧跟着，作后勤和护理工作，或者由标枪手不停往对方投掷标枪。这个方阵的两翼则由骑兵担任保护两翼不受冲击的任务。很明显，这种战术的冲击力是远非东方军队可比的，但它的弱点也非常突出：队伍转动不便，必须时刻注意保持队形的严整。 即使在进入铁器时代，马的鞍具的发展，使得骑兵越来越重要了，双方在骑兵的战术运用上也有巨大的差别。东方的骑兵很少有重装甲，骑兵即能用马刀、长枪也可以使用弓箭。骑兵主要目的是为了军队的机动能力和正面的冲击力，可以在很大范围内作战。而西方的骑兵部队发展出了威力强大的重装甲骑兵，士兵穿着厚厚的锁子甲，可以有效抵挡刀枪和弓箭的杀伤，骑兵使用长枪和长剑，杀伤力较大。但是与东方不同的是，骑兵战术的使用仍和古罗马时代的步兵方阵相同，讲究队形和正面的杀伤力和防护力，几乎没有太多的战术机动能力，作战范围仍然是在很小的区域内进行。

东西方的军队由于地理障碍，除了欧洲军队和中东地区的军队发生过大规模的战争外，以中国为中心的东方军队从未与万里之外的西方军队打过照面。唯一可能的机会，在亚历山大攻克印度准备东进时，因病逝而告终。

蒙古人的战术。

蒙古在成吉思汗统一各部落后，立即开始对中国北方的各王朝进行大规模的攻击。蒙古军队在一开始完全依赖骑兵的机动性和攻击力，和过去的游牧民族军队一样，没有步兵攻坚力量的协同。在中原各高大坚固的城墙面前，强大的骑兵是无能为力的，尽管他们在野战中所向无敌。很快，蒙古人从辽、金、西夏的军队上学到了步兵攻坚的本领，改变了继往单纯依赖骑兵的战术，并且学会了运用汉族新的发明的火药和抛石武器。

在战术的运用上，蒙古人特别强调的就是部队的机动性，以远距离的包抄迂回、分进合击为主要战术特征。蒙古人的远距离机动达到了历史上空前未有的程度，他们常常可以上百里地大规模机动，使敌人很难预料和防范到他们的攻击。他们在战斗中亦很少依赖单纯的正面冲击，通常使用的方法是，一小部分骑兵不停地骚扰敌军，受攻击后后撤，待追击的敌军队形散乱疲惫时，早已四面包抄的骑兵则在一阵密集的弓箭射击后蜂拥而来。这种战术在过去的匈奴、汉族、契丹、女真人都用过。但象蒙古人一样利用四处游骑做间谍，大规模的骑兵可以随时远距离攻击的情形则没有出现过。加之，蒙古人大量地编入汉和其他北方少数民族,使用汉族先进的攻坚器材担任攻城的任务，使他们在东方无论是野地浪战还是摧城拔寨，几乎所向必克。

事实上，蒙古军队的骑兵在任何时候都无法一对一地战胜欧洲的重装甲骑兵，欧洲重装甲骑兵的长矛和重剑杀伤力远大于蒙古骑兵手中的马刀、长矛或狼牙棒。欧洲骑兵的马也远比蒙古马高大。但蒙古骑兵的战略战术则是欧洲骑兵远远不及的。欧洲军队的战斗无论多大规模的军队都是在很小战场内进行的。而且，欧洲军队有惯常的骑士之风，崇信正面一对一的堂堂正正的战斗，当他们遇见可以把百里方圆的地方做战场，且习惯迂回的蒙古军队时，他们的确是碰上了无法想象的战争场面。

蒙古人西征时，在发生大部队与敌正面遭遇的时候，蒙古骑兵也会迅速排成战术队伍发起正面的攻击。其战术队形通常是排成五个左右的横队，每个横队均为单列。各横队相距很宽的距离。这样形成了远远大与对手的宽大正面（从现代战术来讲，这种极易为对方冲击的宽大正面是极为不利的）。前两个横队是重骑兵（相对东方军队），其余为轻骑兵（相对与西方的轻骑兵可算无任何装甲的骑兵）。在此之外则还有大批的游骑四处做表面上无意义的运动。

双方军队在靠近后，蒙古军队的轻骑兵会突然从前排的重骑兵横队的巨大空隙间以极高的速度冲出，向西方的敌人投射长矛和从中原学来的毒箭。几次齐射后，重骑兵队伍迅速后退，接着轻骑兵也迅速后撤，并回到原来的位置。而遭到攻击的西方军队无论是步兵方阵还是骑兵方阵此时都很难迅速回击，必须保持队形的严密向前推进，否则无法利用自己的优势杀伤蒙古兵。通常蒙古军队的骑兵只要一两次这种冲击就会让敌军军心动摇队形混乱。而这种反复的攻击蒙古兵可以不论白天黑夜地进行，因为队伍相距较远且不需要太严整，蒙古兵的队形很容易在远离敌军后重新排列整齐。一但敌军队形混乱军心动摇开始后撤，则宽大的蒙古骑兵队形就会迅速变成包抄队形，对敌军进行近距离的砍杀。

蒙古军队在骑兵快速大纵深地前进时，遇敌坚固的城堡，通常只留少数部队监视以待后续的攻坚工兵，大部队仍继续高速前进，使后方的敌人根本无法作出战争准备。

另外。蒙古军队常常利用冬季大河结冰时发起战争。

战例。1241年，蒙古苏布台和拔都分率大军进攻东欧，强行越过喀尔巴阡山脉，准备于匈牙利平原会师，在两支部队遥远的侧翼还有

篇五：英语新题型练习2013打遍天下无敌手

语新题型练习 附答案(1) CGADF( 2） ECGAF （3）FADBC （4） DAFBE （5） EBCDF ( 6 )DGCBE ( 7) EGABD ( 8 ) CFABD ( 9 ) BEFDC ( 10 ) BGEAC ( 11 ) CEABD ( 12 ) FAEBD ( 13 )CEABD

(14) CBDGA (15) FCGEA (16)BFCEA (17) FADCE (18) CEFAG (19) ECAFG (20) EDAGF (21)CEGBA (22) GDAEB (23) EAFGB (24) CAGBF (25) EAFBG (26) CBDFE

(27) CEAFB

（1） Aremote Patagonian town that's just beginning to prosper by guiding tourists through the virgin forests nearby is being shaken by the realization that it's sitting on a gold mine. Literally.

41)___________________________________________________________________

Esquel's plight is winning attention from international conservation and environmental groups such as Greenpeace. 42)__________________________

About 3.2 million acres already are under contract for mineral exploration in poor and sparsely settled Chubut Province, where Esquel is, near the southern tip of South America.

43)______________________________________

Meridian's project, about 5 miles outside Esquel at a higher elevation, is about 20 miles from a national park that preserves rate trees known as alerces, a southern relative of California's giant sequoia. Some of them have been growing serenely in the temperate rain forest for more than 3,000 years.

The greatest fear is that cyanide, which is used to leach gold from ore, will drain downhill and poison Esquel's and possibly the park's water supplies. The mine will use 180 tons of the deadly chemical each month. Although many townspeople and some geologists disagree, the company says any excess cyanide would drain away from Esquel.

"We won't allow them to tear things up and leave us with the toxic aftermath," said Felix Aguilar, 28, as he piloted a boatload of tourists through a lake in the Alerces National Park."We take care of things here, so that the entire world can hear and see nature in its pure state. The world must help us prevent this."

44)__________________________________________________________________________

A young English botanist named Charles Darwin, the author of the theory of evolution, was the first European to see alerces, with trunks that had a circumference of 130 feet. He gave the tree its generic name, Fitzroya cupressoides, for the captain of his ship, Robert Fitzroy.

Argentina, pressed by the United States, Canada, the World Bank and other global lenders, rewrote its mining laws in the 1990s to encourage foreign investment.45)________________________________________ Argentina took in more than＄1 billion over the past decade by granting exploration contracts for precious metals to more than 70 foreign and domestic companies. If the country were to turn away a major investor, the message to its mining sector would be chilling.

［A］Whether Meridian Gold Corp. gets its openpit gold mine outside Esquel could determine the fate of mining in Patagonia, a pristine region spanning southern Argentina and Chile.

［B］Forest ecologist Paul Alaback, a University of Montana professor who studies the alerces, said Argentine authorities could gain from Alaska's successful naturebased tourism.

［C］More than 3,000 worried Esquel residents recently took to the streets in protests aimed at assuring that their neat community of 28,000 becomes a ecotourism center, not a goldrush town.

［D］American Douglas Tomkins,the founder of the Esprit clothing line and a prominent global conservationist, has bought more than 800,000 wilderness acres in Chile to preserve alerces and protect what's left of the temperate rain forest. Ted Turner, the communications magnate, also has bought land in Argentine Patagonia with an eye to conservation.

［E］Residents also complain that Argentina hasn't given naturebased tourism a chance.

［F］Mining companies received incentives such as 30 years without new taxes and dutyfree imports of earthmoving equipment.

［G］In Argentina, the town has become a national symbol in the debate over exploitation vs. preservation of the country's vast natural resources.

（2）Archaeological study covers an extremely long span of time and a great variety of subjects. The earliest subjects of archaeological study date from the origins of humanity. These include fossil remains believed to be of human ancestors who lived 3.5 million to 4.5 million years ago. The earliest archaeological sites include those at Hadar, Ethiopia; Laetoli, Tanzania; East Turkana, Kenya; and elsewhere in East Africa. These sites contain evidence of the first appearance of bipedal (upright-walking, apelike early humans).41. ___________

The first physically modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared in tropical Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago—dates determined by molecular biologists and archaeologists working together. Dozens of archaeological sites throughout Asia and Europe show how people migrated from Africa and settled in these two continents during the last Ice Age (100,000 to 15,000 years ago). 42. ___________

Archaeologists have documented that the development of agriculture took place about 10,000 years ago. Early domestication—the planting and harvesting of plants and the breeding and herding of animals—is evident in such places as the ancient settlement of Jericho in Jordan and in Tehuacán Valley in Mexico. Archaeology plays a major role in the study of early civilizations, such as those of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, who built the city of Ur, and the ancient Egyptians, who are famous for the pyramids near the city of Giza and the royal sepulchres (tombs) of the Valley of the Kings at Thebes. 43. ___________

Archaeological research spans the entire development of phenomena that are unique to humans. For instance, archaeology tells the story of when people learned to bury their dead and developed beliefs in an afterlife. Sites containing signs of the first simple but purposeful burials in graves date to as early as 40,000 years ago in Europe and Southwest Asia. By the time people lived in civilizations, burials and funeral ceremonies had become extremely important and elaborate rituals. 44. ___________

Archaeology also examines more recent historical periods. Some archaeologists work with historians to study American colonial life, for example. They have learned such diverse information as how the earliest colonial settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, traded glass beads for food with native Algonquian peoples; how the lives of slaves on plantations reflected their roots in Africa; and how the first major cities in the United States developed.

45. ___________

［A］ For example, the Moche lords of Sipán in coastal Peru were buried in about AD 400 in fine cotton dress and with exquisite ornaments of bead, gold, and silver. Few burials rival their lavish sepulchres. Being able to trace the development of such rituals over thousands of years has added to our understanding of the development of human intellect and spirit.

［B］ By 40,000 years ago people could be found hunting and gathering food across most of the regions of Africa. Populations in different regions employed various technological developments in adapting to their different environments and climates.

［C］ Archaeological studies have also provided much information about the people who first arrived in the Americas over 12,000 years ago.

［D］ The first fossil records of vascular plants—that is, land

plants with tissue that carries food—appeared in the Silurian period. They were simple plants that had not developed separate stems and leaves.

［E］ Laetoli even reveals footprints of humans from 3.6 million years ago. Some sites also contain evidence of the earliest use of simple tools. Archaeologists have also recorded how primitive forms of humans spread out of Africa into Asia about 1.8 million years ago, then into Europe about 900,000 years ago.

［F］ One research project involves the study of garbage in present-day cities across the United States. This garbage is the modern equivalent of the remains found in the archaeological record. In the future, archaeologists will continue to move into new realms of study.

［G］ Other sites that represent great human achievement are as varied as the cliff dwellings of the ancient Anasazi (a group of early Native Americans of North America) at Mesa Verde, Colorado; the Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the Andes Mountains of Peru; and the mysterious, massive stone portrait heads of remote Easter Island in the Pacific.

（3）As more and more material from other cultures became available, European scholars came to recognize even greater complexity in mythological traditions. Especially valuable was the evidence provided by ancient Indian and Iranian texts such as the Bhagavad-Gita and the Zend-Avesta. From these sources it became apparent that the character of myths varied widely, not only by geographical region but also by historical period.

（41） __________

He argued that the relatively simple Greek myth of Persephone reflects the concerns of a basic agricultural community, whereas the more involved and complex myths found later in Homer are the product of a more developed society.

Scholars also attempted to tie various myths of the world together in some way. From the late 18th century through the early 19th century, the comparative study of languages had led to the reconstruction of a hypothetical parent language to account for striking similarities among the various languages of Europe and the Near East. These languages, scholars concluded, belonged to an Indo-European language family. Experts on mythology likewise searched for a parent mythology that presumably stood behind the mythologies of all the European peoples.

（42） __________

For example, an expression like “maiden dawn” for “sunrise” resulted first in personification of the dawn, and then in myths about her.

Later in the 19th century the theory of evolution put forward by English naturalist Charles Darwin heavily influenced the study of mythology. Scholars researched on the history of mythology, much as they would dig fossil-bearing geological formations, for remains from the distant past.

（43） __________

Similarly, British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer proposed a three-stage evolutionary scheme in The Golden Bough. According to Frazer’s scheme, human beings first attributed natural phenomena to arbitrary supernatural forces (magic), later explaining them as the will of the gods (religion), and finally subjecting them to rational investigation (science).

The research of British scholar William Robertson Smith, published in Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (1889), also influenced Frazer. Through Smith’s work, Frazer came to believe that many myths had their origin in the ritual practices of ancient agricultural peoples, for whom the annual cycles of vegetation were of central importance.

（44） __________

This approach reached its most extreme form in the so-called functionalism of British anthropologist A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, who held that every myth implies a ritual, and every ritual implies a myth.

Most analyses of myths in the 18th and 19th centuries showed a tendency to reduce myths to some essential core—whether the seasonal cycles of nature, historical circumstances, or ritual. That core supposedly remained once the fanciful elements of the narratives had been stripped away. In the 20th century, investigators began to pay closer attention to the content of the narratives themselves.

（45） __________

[A] German-born British scholar Max Müller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India-the oldest preserved body of literature written in an Indo-European language-reflected the earliest stages of an Indo-European mythology. M ller attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena.

[B] The myth and ritual theory, as this approach came to be called, was developed most fully by British scholar Jane Ellen Harrison. Using insight gained from the work of French sociologist Emile Durkheim, Harrison argued that all myths have their origin in collective rituals of a society.

[C] Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud held that myths—like dreams—condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols.

[D] This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor. In Primitive Culture (1871), Tylor organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages.

[E] The studies made in this period were consolidated in the work of German scholar Christian Gottolob Heyne, who was the first scholar to use the Latin term myths (instead of fibula, meaning “fable”) to refer to the tales of heroes and gods.

[F] German scholar Karl Otfried M ller followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology, 1825).

（4） 41)______________________ Animals have a few cries that serve as signals, but even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, even with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently a necessity for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we must suppose that he gradually increased the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day when he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that in this respect picture language preceded oral language. A man could draw a picture on the wall of his cave to show in which direction he had gone, or what prey he hoped to catch. 42)_________________________

Two important stages came not so long before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture made possible an immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. 43)___________________________

44)______________________________

These inventions and discoveries—fire, speech, weapons domestic animals, agriculture, and writing—made the existence of civilized communities possible. From about 3000 B.C. until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution less than two hundred years ago there was no technical advance comparable to these. During this long period man had time to become accustomed to his technique, and to develop the beliefs and political organizations appropriate to it. There was, of course, an immense extension in the area of civilized life. At first it had been confined to the Nile, the Euphrates, the Tigris, and the Indus, but at the end of the period in question it covered much the greatest part of the inhabitable globe. I do not mean to suggest that there was no technical progress during the time. 45)______________________ (512 words)

Notes: ape 猿。pastoral nomad 田园式的游牧部落的人。the Euphrates 幼发拉底河。the Tigris 底格里斯河。the Indus 印度河。in question所谈的(在名词后作后置定语)。

[A] Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language has been the most important single factor in the development of man.

[B] Another fundamental technical advance was writing, which, like spoken language, developed out of pictures, but as soon as it had reached a certain stage, it was possible to keep records and transmit information to people who were not present when the information was given.

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