plant,disease

篇一：大学英语1-10章在线测试答案

第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分）

1、Our English teacher advises us to look ＿＿＿ our test paper before we hand it in.

A、after B、over

C、on D、into

2、Mary wanted to avoid running down a dog but ran ＿＿＿a big tree by the roadside.

A、into B、on

C、over D、up

3、— How are you, Mary? — ＿＿＿Helen.

A、How are you? B、I’m fine. Thank you

C、How do you do? D、Nice to see you

4、— How are you getting along with your study? — ＿＿＿.

A、Fine. What about you? B、I don’t know.

C、Quite right. D、It’s too hard for me.

5、— Hi, Tom, how’s everything with you? — ＿＿＿.

A、Don’t mention it B、Pretty fast

C、Thanks D、The same as ever

《大学英语I》第02章在线测试

第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分）

1、It does not alter the fact that the man was ＿＿＿for the death of the little girl.

A、ashamed B、guilty

C、responsible D、obliged

2、Mr. Edward was not in, so his brother acted as ＿＿＿at the party.

A、actor B、guest

C、host D、ghost

3、He is a leading authority＿＿＿plant diseases.

A、on B、about

C、for D、of

4、Faced with all the difficulties, the girl＿＿＿her mother for comfort.

A、turned over B、turned from

C、turned to D、turned up

5、– Li Hua failed in the math examination. –＿＿＿

A、I’m sorry to hear that. B、Bad luck!

C、What a pity! D、Bad news.

第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分）

1、The handsome boy fell ＿＿＿ love with an American girl.

A、with B、down

C、in D、for

2、Can you tell me the house ＿＿＿ you once lived last year.

A、that B、which

C、where D、in that

3、Practice is a good way to ＿＿＿listening and speaking.

A、notic B、neglect

C、decrease D、improve

4、—Excuse me, sir.＿＿＿ is it to the nearest hotel? —About 15 minutes’ walk along this road.

A、How much B、How soon

C、How far D、How long

5、—It’s cold here. Could you close the door for me. — ＿＿＿.

A、Here you are B、With pleasure

C、That’s all right D、Thanks a lot

《大学英语I》第04章在线测试

第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分）

1、They ＿＿＿very badly towards their guests yesterday..

A、behaved B、showed

C、presented D、behaved out

2、I’ll see＿＿＿ she’s at home＿＿＿not at home.

A、either … or B、neither…nor

C、whether …or D、if …or

3、I have established a good working ＿＿＿with my boss.

A、relationship B、relative

C、association D、relaxation

4、— Congratulations! You won the prize for best photography. — ＿＿＿

A、Yes, I am proud of myself. B、I’m fine.

C、Thank you. D、It’s nice.

5、— I think you look very nice in the red jacket. — ＿＿＿

A、Oh, no, I don’t look nice at all. B、You are very kind.

C、I’m glad you think so. D、I don’t like red color but my mom made me wear it.

《大学英语I》第05章在线测试

第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分）

1、— Would you like to go shopping with me? — ＿＿＿.

A、Yes, I’d like to. B、Yes. Thank you.

C、You are welcome. D、No. You are so kind.

2、—Let’s go swimming, shall we? — ＿＿＿.

A、No. We don’t. B、Never mind.

C、Yes. Let’s go. D、Sorry to hear that.

3、— I suggest you work harder on English. — ＿＿＿ .

A、You are clever. B、It’s easier said than done.

C、I’m afraid not. D、I don’t agree with you.

4、— I like pop music, but if you hate it, I’ll play something else,＿＿＿? — How about some classics?

A、Why not change it B、They are so cool

C、It’s noise to me D、What do you want to hear

5、— Hey! Bob, don’t you think we should have a rest? —＿＿＿ .

A、Don’t mention it B、Sound good

C、Thank you a lot D、Sorry, go ahead

《大学英语I》第06章在线测试

第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分）

1、She’s very committed to＿＿＿ people who are homeless.

A、helping B、help

C、helped D、helps

2、I’ll just get these dishes＿＿＿and then I’ll come.

A、to wash B、washing

C、wash D、washed

3、— ＿＿＿ , I didn’t mean it that way. —Forget it.

A、All right B、That’s okay

C、Thank you D、Forgive me

4、— I’m terribly sorry about that. — ＿＿＿

A、You are welcome. B、Don’t give it another thought.

C、Not at all. D、Excuse me.

5、—I＿＿＿. —Think no more of it.

A、should have meant that B、should have done that

C、shouldn’t have meant that D、shouldn’t have done that

《大学英语I》第07章在线测试

第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分）

1、Last year the interest rate for loan＿＿＿＿＿＿ by 20 percent.

A、raised B、arose

C、aroused D、rose

2、When she arrived, she found＿＿＿＿＿＿ the injured and the dead there.

A、nothing but B、none but

C、none other D、no other than

3、The man was just about to＿＿＿＿＿＿ the riddle, when suddenly he found the answer.

A、arrive at B、give up

C、submit to D、work out

4、The students are kept ＿＿＿＿＿＿ cleaning the classroom.

A、busy with B、busying with

C、busy in D、to busy in

5、—Can I help you, sir? —＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

A、Yes, you can help me B、No, I don’t need any help

C、Of course, if you like D、No, thanks. I’m being served

《大学英语I》第08章在线测试

第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分）

1、A completely new situation will＿＿＿when the examination system comes into existence.

A、arise B、rise

C、raise D、arouse

2、The organization had broken no rules, but＿＿＿had it acted responsibly.

A、neither B、so

C、either D、both

3、I make notes in the back of my diary＿＿＿ things to be mended or replaced?

A、by B、in

C、with D、of

4、—Ken, ＿＿＿, but your TV is too loud. —Oh, I’m sorry. I’ll turn it down right now.

A、I’d like to talk with you B、I’m really tired of this

C、I hate to say this D、I need your help

5、— I was really anxious about you. You shouldn’t have left without a word. — ＿＿＿

A、Why not? B、Really?

C、I don’t know. D、I’m terribly sorry.

《大学英语I》第09章在线测试

第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分）

1、Is this ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ looking for?

A、you are B、what you are

C、that you are D、what are you

2、The classroom was almost empty ＿＿＿＿＿＿ a desk or two.

A、besides B、except for

C、except D、in addition to

3、— What size do you have? — ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿

A、I want size 26. B、We got various sizes.

C、This size is not for me. D、We want a small size.

4、— ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ — I don’t like bright color.

A、What about the red one? B、What do you want to buy?

C、What can I do for you? D、What is your size?

5、— ＿＿＿＿＿ — Our price is the lowest one in the city.

A、I’ll take the blue one. B、How much is it?

C、May I try it on? D、Would you please make a discount?

《大学英语I》第10章在线测试

第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分）

1、Julie spent one month ＿＿＿her term paper on Chinese poems.

A、to write B、and wrote

C、written D、writing

2、I was so＿＿＿the night before my examination that I could not sleep.

A、worrying B、tired

C、happy D、nervous

3、Whether you learn or not is entirely＿＿＿you.

A、up to B、as to

C、about to D、due to

4、The little girl showed the policeman the corner＿＿＿she was knocked off her bike

A、and B、which

C、that D、where

篇二：部分英文期刊的缩写与全名对照表

? 部分英文期刊的缩写与全名对照表

生物谷网站Journal Abreviations

A

Acta Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biochimica and Biophysica

Acta Bot. Neerl. Acta Botanica Neerlandica

Adv. Agron. Advances in Agronomy

Adv. Bot. Res. Advances in Botanical Research

Agric. Biol. Chem. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry

Agric. Res. Agricultural Research

Agron. J. Agronomy Journal

Allelopathy J. Allelopathy Journal

Am. J. Bot. American Journal of Botany

Anal. Biochem. Analytical Biochemistry

Anal. Chem. Analytical Chemistry

Ann. Appl. Biol. Annals of Applied Biology

Ann. Bot. Annals of Botany

Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. Annual Review Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology

Arch. Biochem. Biophys. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

Aust. J. Bot. Australian Journal of Botany

Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture

Aust. J. Plant Physiol. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology

B

Biochem.Biophys. Res. Commu. Biochemistry Biophysics and Reserach Communications

Biochem. J. Biochemical Journal

Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biochimica and Biophysica Acta

Biol. Plant. Biologia Plantarum

Bios. Biotechnol. Biochem. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry

Bot. Gaz. Botanical Gazette

Bot. Mag. Botanical Magazyne

Bot. Rev. Botanical Review

Braz. Arch. Bio. Technol. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology C

Can. J. Biochem. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry

Can. J. Bot. Canadian Journal of Botany

Can. J. Plant Sci. Canadian Journal of Plant Science

Cereal Chem. Cereal Chemistry

Ciênc. Cult. Ciência e Cultura

Commun. Soil Sci. Plant. Anal. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis

Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

Crop Prot. Crop Protection

Crop Sci. Crop Science

Curr. Adv. Plant Sci. Current Advances in Plant Science

Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. Current Opinion in Plant Biology

E

Econ. Bot. Economic Botany

Environ. Exp. Bot. Environmental and Experimental Botany

Eur. J. Biochem. European Journal of Biochemistry

Eur. J. Plant Pathol. European Journal of Plant Pathology

Exp. Agric. Experimental Agriculture

F

FEBS Lett. FEBS Letters

FEMS Microbiol. Lett. FEMS Microbiology Letters

Field Crops Res. Field Crops Research

Fitopatol. Bras. Fitopatologia Brasileira

Food Chem. Food Chemistry

H

Hortic. Res. Horticultural Research

Hortic. Rev. Horticultural Reviews

Hortic. Sci. Horticultural Science

I

Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. Internatonal Journal of Food Science and Technology Int. J. Plant Sci. International Journal of Plant Science

J

J. Agric. Food Chem. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

J. Agric. Sci. Journal of Agricultural Science

J. Agron. Crop. Sci. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science

J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science J. Anal. Chem. Journal of Analytical Chemistry

J. Biochem. Journal of Biochemistry

J. Biol. Chem. Journal of Biological Chemistry

J. Chem. Ecol. Journal of Chemical Ecology

J. Chromatogr. Journal of Chromatography

J. Chromatogr. Biomed. Appl. Journal of Chromatography Biomedical Applications

J. Chromatogr. Sci. Journal of Chromatographic Science

J. Environ. Biol. J. Environmental Biology

J. Ethnopharmacol. J. Ethnopharmacology

J. Exp. Biol. Journal of Experimental Biology

J. Exp. Bot. Journal of Experimental Botany

J. Food Sci. Journal of Food Science

J. Gen. Microbiol. Journal of General Microbiology

J. Hortic. Sci. Journal of Horticultural Science

J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology J. Nematol. Journal of Nematology

J. Photochem. Photobiol. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology J. Phytopathol. J. Phytopathology

J. Plant Growth Regul. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation

J. Plant Nutr. Journal of Plant Nutrition

J. Plant Physiol. Journal of Plant Physiology

J. Plant Res. Journal of Plant Research

J. Sci. Food Agric. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture

J. Soil Sci. Journal of Soil Science

J. Trop. Ecol. Journal of Tropical Ecology

J. Veg. Sci. Journal of Vegetation Science

J. Virol.. Journal of Virology

M

Methods Enzymol. Methods in Enzymology

Mol. Plant-Microbe Interac. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions

N

New Phytol. New Phytologist

Nematol. Bras. Nematologia Brasileira

Nematol. Mediterr. Nematologia Mediterranea

P

Pesq. Agrop. Bras. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira

Photochem. Photobiol. Photochemistry and Photobiology

Photosynth. Res. Photosynthesis Research

Physiol. Plant Path. Physiological Plant Pathology

Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology Physiol. Plant. Physiologia Plantarum

Plant Biol. Plant Biology

Plant Cell Plant Cell

Plant Cell Environ. Plant and Cell Environment

Plant Cell Physiol. Plant and Cell Physiology

Plant Cell Rep. Plant Cell Reports

Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture

Plant Dis. Plant Disease

Plant Dis. Rep. Plant Disease Reporter

Plant Ecol. Plant Ecology

Plant Growth Regul. Plant Growth Regulation

Plant J. Plant Journal

Plant Mol. Biol. Plant Molecular Biology

Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter

Plant Pathol. Plant Pathology

Plant Physiol. Plant Physiology

Plant Physiol. Biochem. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

Plant Sci. Plant Science

Plant Soil Plant and Soil

Postharvest Biol. Technol. Postharvest Biology and Technology

Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of USA

R

Rev. Bras. Bot. Revista Brasileira de Botanica

Rev. Bras. Fisiol. Veg. Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal

Russian J. Nematol. Russian Journal of Nematology

Russian J. Plant Physiol. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology

S

Sci. Agricola Scientia Agricola

Sci. Hortic. Scientia Horticulturae

Seed Sci. Res. Seed Science Research

Seed Sci. Technol. Seed Science and Technology

Soil Biol. Biochem. Soil Biology and Biochemistry

Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

T

Trees – Struct. Funct Trees – Structure and Function

Tree Physiol. Tree Physiology

Trends Plant Sci. Trends in Plant Science

Trop. Agric. Tropical Agriculture

篇三：新视野大学英语book2 Unit 4 自主学习

Unit 4 A Test of True Love 自主学习

I. English Equivalents of Chinese

1. 自愿参军

2. 祝某人平安

3. 出发那天

4. 感激某人的支持

5. 一遍遍读某人的信

6. 收到某人的回信

7. 战争的艰苦岁月里

8. 从未减少过

9. 谢绝某人的要求

10. 解释反对的理由

11. 可以自由做某事

12. 感到与某人有联系

13. 立刻

14. 犹如春天般生气盎然

15. 嘴角露出笑容

16. 与某人同路

17. 向某人靠进一步

18. 一位四十好几的女人

19. 让别人认出他

20. 因某事而感激某人

21. 注视 / 盯着

22. 禁止······做······

23. 把······压缩成······

24. 对······的渴望

25. 克制······的冲动

II. Structure analysis

Part 1 (1) Beginning

Part 2 (2--3) Who was the woman? How did she emerge in the young man's life? How did she give him strength? What happened between them?

Part 3 (4) What had happened after they fell in love?

Part 4 (5--7) Did they meet as planned?

Part 5 (8--9) Was the young woman the very one he had been waiting for so impatiently?

Part 6(10) How did the woman who addressed him look?

Part 7 (11) What was John Blandford thinking then with the old lady before him?

Part 8 (12--13) What was the result? What did the man do?

Part 9 (14) What did the old woman say?

III. Question answering

1. Why was John Blandford staying in Grand Central Station in New York?

2. How did John get connected with the woman?

3. How was John’s first response to the woman different from that of his friends?

4. What had the woman, Hollis Meynell, done in the past thirteen months?

5. How did he feel as long as he received her letters?

6. When he asked her for a photo, what did she do?

7. Did Hollis Meynell come to the station as they had arranged?

8. Why did Hollis Meynell want to test John Blandford?

IV. Summary

John Blandford __________ for military service 13 month ago. Soon he received a book from Hollis Meynell, a woman who sent everyone in the military service a book, strength and her support for their cause. He wrote back, and thus went into _________ with her. For thirteen months, she wrote and gave him courage to . After a short time, he believed had brought them together. But , she Now the soldier was back in New York, waiting to meet her in person at the _________ desk in Grand Central Station, and a woman with the rose to dinner, it turned out to be a of Hollis Meynell, and he passed it.

V. Definition of Love

Love =listen, ______________, ________________, ______________

VI. Language Points:

1. 他每周必定写信。(without fail)

2. volunteer (for sth): join the army, etc. without being forced to 自愿参军，当志愿兵

Eg. volunteer for military service / for the navy 自愿服兵役; 自愿参加海军

约翰自告奋勇组织请愿/上访。volunteer to， organize， a petition.

3. write (sb) back; write back (to sb): write sb a letter replying to their letter（给某人）写回信，复信

她回信说她来不了。She wrote back _________________________________

我回信表示接受他们的提议。I ________________ accepting their offer.

4. overseas: (Line 13) (ad) in or to a country across the sea; abroad 在国外，在海外

Eg. live/work/go overseas 在国外生活/工作；出国

这个产品行销国内外。The product ______________________________________.

这是奥巴马就职后的首次海外之行。This is Obama’s _____________________ since taking office.

overseas : (adj) coming from or happening abroad 外国的，海外的

overseas markets/trade 海外市场，海外贸易

海外/外国留学生，海外/外国游客 ___________________________________________

5. nourish: allow a feeling, an idea, etc. to develop or grow stronger 培养，助长（情绪、观点等）

我们通过教育投资，培养孩子们的才能。By investing in education, ________________________________________. University study nourished his ability to think critically. _____________________________________________________.

6. decline: ① refuse a request or offer, usually politely 谢绝，婉言拒绝

decline an offer/invitation 谢绝对方的主动帮助/邀请

我主动邀请他们搭车，但他们婉言谢绝了。I offered to give them a lift ___________________________.

他们的发言人拒绝对这些指控加以评论。(spokesman , comment on , allegations)

② (v.) become smaller, fewer, weaker, etc. 减少，下降，衰弱，衰退

去年到这个胜地旅游的人数减少了10%。__________________________________________________ by 10% last year. 她的健康状况迅速恶化。____________________________________________________.

7. fancy: (Line 34) (n) [sing.] a feeling of liking sb or sth 喜爱，迷恋

Take a fancy to sb/sth: (esp BrE) start liking sb/sth, often without an obvious reason 喜欢上，爱上（常指没有明显原因） 我特别喜欢那条裙子。_____________________________________________

8. sport: wear sth or have hair in a particular style; have or wear sth in a proud way so that everyone can see

Eg. sport a beard / a diamond ring / a flower in your buttonhole

不论冬夏，他都惹人注目地穿着一身白色西服。Summer or winter ________________________________.

他们当中有好多人留着触目的大胡子和小胡子。Beards, moustaches

____________________________________________________________

9. more than: very; extremely 十分，非常

我非常乐意用我的车带你去那儿。____________________________________________________-

我对翻译非常感兴趣。 I am __________________________________.

10. compress (sth) (into sth): press or squeeze sth together or into a smaller space; be pressed or squeezed in this way（被）压紧，压缩

compress sth (into sth): reduce sth and fit it into a smaller space or amount of time 精简，浓缩，压缩

她捏紧鼻孔。(nostrils.)

他的双唇抿成了一道缝。compress into

主要的论证被压缩进了一个章节。The main arguments ___________________________________________

11. longing: n. [C,U] ～ (for sb/sth)︱ ～ (to do sth): a strong feeling of wanting sth/sb （对…的）渴望，热望

Eg. a longing for home/peace 对故乡的思念，对和平的渴望

那位青年作家强烈渴望出名。The young writer ___________________________________________.

她热切希望再听到他的声音。

Unit 4

1. Children and old people do not like having their daily ____ upset.

A) habit B) routine C) practice D) custom

2. Mr. Edward was not in, so his brother acted as ____ at the party.

A) actor B) guest C) host D) ghost

3. He was surprised that her English was so ____ as she had never been to England.

A) flexible B) fluid C) formal D) fluent

4. He is a leading authority ____ plant diseases.

A) on B) about C) for D) of

5. This diploma (毕业文凭) ____ that you have completed college education.

A) identifies B) justifies C) certifies D) notifies

6. Since your manager has ____ the time for a talk with you, you must make sure that you will be there on time.

A) identified B) specified C) qualified D) classified

7. ____ students often find it difficult to live in America at first.

A) Chinese B) Abroad C) Overseas D) Domestic

8. After a quick ____ at the patient the doctor rang for an ambulance.

A) glance B) glimpse C) gaze D) stare

9. He will surely finish the job on time ____ he’s left to do it in his own way.

A) in that B) as long as C) in case D) as far as

10. It is up to the Government to tackle the air pollution problem and ____ measures in line with the council’s

suggestions.

A) set about B) fill up C) work out D) bring over

11. In the ____ of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to $30 millions.

A) face B) time C) event D) course

12. Frequently single-parent children ____ some of the functions that the absent adult in the house would have served.

A) take off B) take after C) take in D) take on

13. Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full ____.

A) capacity B) strength C) length D) possibility

14. This steam is used to drive a turbine which, ____, rotates the generator that produces the electricity.

A) in effect B) in return C) in order D) in turn

15. She was showing a marked ____ of interest in her school work.

A) limit B) vacuum C) short D) lack

16. He has decided to pursue his studies ____.

A) exteriorly B) externally C) abroad D) aboard

17. You simply can’t ____ a phone if you’re in business.

A) do away with B) do without C) give away D) give out

18. The address of an e-mail message includes the source and ____ of the message.

A) destination B) target C) objective D) reception

19. The speed of light is indeed enormous, but it is not ____.

A) indefinite B) endless C) infinite D) utmost

20. As so many overseas and domestic business people have come to invest and build new businesses, the place looks much more ____ than it did a few years ago.

A) appropriate B) prosperous C) tedious D) unremarkable

21. While some office jobs would seem ____ to many people, there are quite a few jobs that are stimulating, exciting and satisfying.

A) hostile B) fantastic C) courageous D) tedious

22. Moving pictures present ____ scenes like battles, storms or races.

A) spectacular B) imaginary C) offensive D) bloody

23. Markets are ____ and a company must learn to adapt.

A) temporary B) static C) concrete D) dynamic

24. An application to join this scheme places you under no obligation ____.

A) indeed B) eventually C) whatsoever D) apart

25. In their full uniforms, the soldiers looked _____.

A) magnificent B) prominent C) significant D) respective

26. Switzerland is well-known for its impressive mountainous ____.

A) views B) scenes C) sights D) scenery

27. Not having seen each other for a long time, the two sisters ____ warmly.

A) embraced B) enclosed C) engaged D) exchanged

28. The West is traditionally the land of the pioneers and the cowboys, where ____ could be easily made in cattle or land.

A) property B) fortunes C) opportunities D) treasure

29. The ____ of blood always makes him feel sick.

A) sight B) view C) look D) form

30. The rain was heavy and ____ the land was flooded.

A) continuously B) constantly C) consequently D) consistently

Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.

When we think of green buildings, we tend to think of new ones – the kind of high-tech, solar-paneled masterpieces that make the covers of architecture magazines. But the U.S. has more than 100 million existing homes, and it would be __47__ wasteful to tear them all down and __48__ them with greener versions. An enormous amount of energy and resources went into the construction of those houses. And it would take an average of 65 years for the __49__ carbon emissions from a new energy-efficient home to make up for the resources lost by destroying an old one. So in the broadest __50__, the greenest home is the one that has already been built. But at the same time, nearly half of U. S. carbon emissions come from heating, cooling and __51__ our homes, offices and other buildings. "You can't deal with climate change without dealing with existing buildings," says Richard Moe, the president of the National Trust.

With some __52__, the oldest homes tend to be the least energy-efficient. Houses built before 1939 use about 50% more energy per square foot than those built after 2000, mainly due to the tiny cracks and gaps that __53__ over time and let in more outside air.

Fortunately, there are a __54__ number of relatively simple changes that can green older homes, from __55__ ones like Lincoln's Cottage to your own postwar home. And efficiency upgrades (升级) can save more than just the earth; they can help __56__ property owners from rising power costs.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

A) accommodations B) clumsy C) doubtful D) exceptions E) expand F) historic G) incredibly H) powering I) protect J) reduced K) replace L) sense M) shifted N) supplying O) vast

Cloze (15 minutes)

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

The term e-commerce refers to all commercial transactions conducted over the Internet, including transactions by consumers and business-to-business transactions. Conceptually, e-commerce does not __67__ from well-known commercial offerings such as banking by phone, "mail order" catalogs, or sending a purchase order to supplier __68__ fax.E-commerce follows the same model __69__ in other business transactions; the difference __70__ in the details.

To a consumer, the most visible form of e-commerce consists __71__ online ordering. A customer begins with a catalog of possible items, __72__ an item, arranges a form of payment, and __73__ an order. Instead of a physical catalog, e-commerce

篇四：植物与病原微生物的交互作用

植物與病原微生物的交互作用

蔡竹固

國立嘉義大學微生物與免疫學系

一、前言

大約是在六到七億年前之間，多細胞生物開始在地球上出現。首先，細胞與細胞之間靠細胞表面的黏合分子聚集在一起，但仍然可以移動，這些多細胞生物後來就演化成了動物的世界。若是透過細胞壁而使細胞聚集在一起，這類多細胞後來就發展成為真菌和植物，細胞有了很好的保護，不容易被外物侵犯，安全的多，但是這樣的方式就會限制細胞的移動，同時也就失去了活動的自由！由於植物體生活方式的"不動性"，使其無可避免地遭受到各種逆境的衝擊，就其生活史而言，就是一經歷各種逆境且逆來順受的生理過程。在自然界中，植物經常處在生物逆境和非生物逆境這兩種不良的外在環境中，前者包含真菌、細菌、植物菌質、病毒、擬病毒等微生物或線蟲、昆蟲的侵襲，後者像是寒害、鹽害、光害等逆境。

人類約在1萬年前進入農耕時代之後，植物被集約栽培，自然界的動植物及平衡開始被破壞，植物病害(diseases)即漸趨於劇烈。平均而言，每一種農作物都會被上百種或更多的病原菌(pathogens)所感染，所以各種植物都有其特殊的病害問題。不同的植物病原菌可利用不同的分子機制去感染植物並引發病害，而相對地植物在面臨這些生物性逆境時，會啟動防禦機制以保護自身免於遭受病原菌的感染，因此，植物防禦和病原菌感染的交互作用，是一段不斷共同演化的歷史，植物與生物性病

原菌間經過多年的演化，彼此間建立一平衡共存(coexistence)的現象。

根據調查評估，農作物由種植到收穫期間，其所遭受病、蟲、草、鼠等危害所造成之全球作物生產潛能損失約達45%，其中有數以萬計的植物病害會影響所栽培的作物。目前，每年全世界作物因病害而造成大約12%的損失。植物病理學的主要研究範疇，在於認識各種危害植物的病原微生物，包括真菌、細菌、線蟲、病毒及植物菌質，瞭解非傳染性病害的重要性，熟習植物病害診斷技術與病害防治方法，並探討植物與病原菌之間的交互作用。

二、植物與病原菌相互作用相關基因

寄主植物─病原菌基因對基因假說(the gene-for-gene hypothesis)，是由Flor (1946)研究亞麻銹病(Melampsora lini Lev.)的抗感性遺傳所提出，亦即植物具有抗病基因(R抗病性，r感病性)：病原菌具有致病基因(A無致病性，a致病性)，二者基因的組合，決定抗病或感病反應。植物與病原菌的相互作用類型受基因型組合調控並與生化特徵相關。在寄主抗病/感病等位基因(R/r)和病原菌的無毒/毒性基因(AVR/avr)相互作用中，寄主抗病基因和病原菌無毒基因都爲顯性(圖一)。在自然狀況下，植物抗病表現型是普遍的，而感病表現型僅在特定情況下才會發生。一種病原菌所能侵染的植物在植物界中總是少數，多數植物都是非寄主，對病原菌侵染表現抗性反應。

在古典遺傳學中，植物與病原菌相互作用被看作是由基因型控制的植物抗病性，常常是由來自於植物的抗病R (resistance)基因與相應的來自於病原菌的無毒avr (avirulence)基因相互作用所決定的，即「基因對基因」觀念。這種病原菌與寄主之

間的基因對基因的識別機制被描述爲受體-配體模式，即(a) 古典的受體-配體模式，Avr蛋白與相匹配的R蛋白之間直接相互作用引起防衛反應。(b) 共受體模式，Avr 蛋白首先連接到一個共受體的高度親和位點上，後者與R蛋白相互作用激發防衛反應。(c) 看守模式，抗病蛋白保衛著相對應的致病性靶標。(d) 依賴於蛋白酶的防衛激發反應，有幾種細菌、真菌和病毒的avr 基因編碼蛋白酶，它們對寄主蛋白的裂解作用誘導了植物的防衛反應。另外一類的非生理小種特異性的相互作用，就是由hrp 基因簇編碼的harpin 蛋白與 harpin 蛋白的受體相互作用引起植物非特異性的防衛反應。

圖一、寄主抗病/感病等位基因(R/r)和病原菌的無毒/毒性基因(AVR/avr)相互作用 (Deacon, 2006)。

說明：寄主抗病基因和病原菌無毒基因都爲顯性，且僅寄主抗病(同質或異質)基因型/病原菌無毒(同質或異質)基因型組合時，植物表現抗病性。

1.植物R基因結構與功能

近10年來，已成功地採用定位選殖(map-based cloning)法和轉位子標記法(transposon tagging)，從不同的植物中選殖了多種抗病基因。這些抗病基因編碼的蛋白質產物一般具有白胺酸富集重複序列域(leucine rich repeats, 簡稱LRR)、絲胺酸/酥胺酸激酶(serine/threonine kinase, 簡稱STK)、核苷酸結合位點(nucleotide binding site, 簡稱NBS)、白胺酸拉鏈(leucine zippers, 簡稱LZs) 和鐸介白素-1受體類似結構(Toll/interleukin-1 receptor simility, 簡稱TIR)等一種或多種保守結構，在植物抗病中可能介導抗病訊息的識別、產生和傳遞過程。已選殖的R 基因雖來自不同物種，

介導對不同病原菌的抗性。根據R基因產物編碼的保守結構的不同，可把R基因分為5類：(1)編碼含LRR和NBS的胞質內受體相關蛋白；(2)編碼STK；(3)編碼具有大胞質外LRR區域的跨膜受體蛋白； (4)編碼具胞外LRR 區域和胞內STKs的跨膜受體蛋白；(5)編碼毒素還原酶。而R基因編碼的受體蛋白質共有6型，其中3型為穿膜結構(transmembranous domains)，如阿拉伯芥(Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyn.)的RPW8、蕃茄的Cf2, 4, 5, 9及水稻的Xa21；另外3型為膜關聯細胞質蛋白(membrane-associated cytoplasmic proteins)，如蕃茄的Pto、菸草的N、亞麻的L6及阿拉伯芥的RPP5, RPM1, RPS2 等(圖二)。

圖二、六型植物R基因編碼的受體蛋白質及其存在位置(Agrios, 2005)。

說明：植物R基因編碼的受體蛋白質共有6型，其中3型為穿膜結構(transmembranous

篇五：芦丁的简介

芦丁对菌的抑制研究

芦丁的简介

芦丁(Rutin，也称芸香苷)，是维生素P的主要成分之一[1]，化学名称为5，7，3’，4’-4-OH-3-O-

[2]鼠李糖基-葡萄糖基-黄酮（其结构式图1-1）。芦丁分子式为C27H30O16·3H20，分子量为610.51，

其性状为黄色结晶粉末或无晶形粉末，味微苦，熔点177 ～ 178 ℃， 略溶于水， 能溶于热水及乙醇[ 3-4]。遇光易变质，需在阴凉处保存。在20世纪30年代中期匈牙利科学家Szent Gyorgy分离出类黄酮混合物，1942 年德国药学家首次制成芸香苷之后，世界上确立了维生素P的概念，在此后的进一步研究中发现了维生素P中的一种最重要的黄酮类物质，即“芦丁”。该类化合物在医学界已得到证明，有不可多得的治病防病作用[5-8]。芦丁广泛存在于自然界中，几乎所有的芸香科和石楠科植物中均含有，尤以芸香科的芸香草、豆科的槐米、蓼科的荞麦、金丝桃科红旱莲、鼠李科光枝勾儿茶、大蓟科野梧桐叶含量较为丰富，可以作为提取芦丁的原料。此外，它还存在于冬青科毛冬青、木樨科连翘、豆科槐角以及烟草、枣、杏、橙皮和番茄等植物中[9]。茄子中含有丰富的芦丁，种植广泛，而目前对于茄子中芦丁的研究和开发利用还比较少，因此有待于研究。

1 芦丁的来源

芦丁广泛存在于自然界，几乎所有的芸香科和石楠科植物中均含有之，尤以芸香科的芸香草、豆科植物国槐(槐米)、蓼科植物荞麦、金丝桃科植物红旱莲、鼠李科植物光枝勾儿茶、大戟科植物野梧桐含量较为丰富，可以作为提取芦丁的原料。此外，它还存在于冬青科植物毛冬

[10]青、木犀科植物连翘以及烟草、枣、杏、橙和番茄等植物中

2 菌的类型

2.1 拟盘多毛孢属

[11-13]拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)真菌是引起多种园艺植物重要病害的病原，侵染茶树叶

[14]片表现轮斑症状的致病菌通常指P.theae菌，浜屋悦次等报道的P.longiseta菌，以后陆续

[15,16]报道Pestalotiopsis属的9个种如P. guepinii、P.versicolor菌等。以及盘单毛孢属(Monochaetia)的1个种M.karstenii菌，也同样能侵染茶树叶片，并引起类似症状，统称轮斑病。

2.2 尖孢炭疽菌

尖孢炭疽菌侵染橡胶叶片后形成小凸点；其菌落颜色鲜艳，为桔黄色，到培养后期，产生典

[17] 型的纺锤形分生孢子；尖孢炭疽菌菌丝生长速率较胶孢炭疽菌慢

2.3 白粉菌

白粉菌是人们熟知的一类高等植物专性寄生病原真菌，广泛分布在世界各地。病害发生期间常在寄主植物的表面产生大量的分生孢子梗和分生孢子，肉眼看上去好象涂了1层白粉，因

[18]此被称作白粉菌，由它引起的病害则被称作白粉病

2.4 芒果球座菌

【19】芒果球座菌一般不引起植物的病害，但和球座菌属的其他病原菌如柑桔黑斑病菌混合发

【20】 生，它们在菌落形态和生物学等许多方面非常相似，给病害鉴定和植物检疫造成困难

3、抑制菌的方法：

3.1 苦芥麦芦丁提取及体外抑菌

董晓宁[21]等人从苦荞麦中提取芦丁，并对大肠埃希氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌两种供试菌进行体外最小抑制浓度(M IC)、最低杀菌浓度(M BC)、半数抑菌浓度( IC50 )测定。结果表明, 芦

丁有显著的抑菌效果。

3.2 竹叶黄酮的抑菌

郝培应[22]等人选取了4个黄酮含量处于不同水平的竹种, 检测了不同竹种竹叶黄酮对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌效果。结果表明,竹叶黄酮对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均表现出一定的抑菌活性,竹叶黄酮含量高的竹种, 最佳抑菌浓度下的抑菌效果良好。

3.3 茉莉花渣黄酮抑菌

韦英亮【23】等人用茉莉花渣黄酮分别对普通变形杆菌、大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、八叠球菌、黄曲霉、青霉和黑曲霉进行抑菌活性试验，结果表明，所提取的茉莉黄酮对霉菌无抑菌活性，除八叠球菌外，对所试验的细菌都表现一定的抗菌活性。

3.4 猪毛蒿丙酮抑菌

李玉平等研究表明：猪毛蓠的丙酮提取液，当质量浓度为0．19／ml时，对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制率在70％以上，对小麦赤霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制在90％以上，对其他三种供试

【24】茵菌丝(苹果炭疽、辣椒疫霉、玉米大斑)生长的抑制也达到60％以上.

3.5 红薯茎叶水提取物的抑菌

[25]谢丽玲等研究了红薯茎叶水提取物对五种致病菌的抑制作用，发现有些品种的红薯茎叶提取物对大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色葡萄球菌、普通变形杆菌具有抑制作用。

3.6 鱼腥草油对菌的抑制

鱼腥草油对金黄色葡萄球菌等有较强抑菌作用，对肺炎球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌有一定抑制

【26】作用，对其它革兰氏阴性菌作用不显著

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