药学英语作文

篇一：药学专业英语文章及翻译

Expression of livin in gastric cancer and induction of apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells by shRNA-mediated silencing of livin gene

Background-Because of increased resistance to apoptosis in tumor cells, inhibition of specific antiapoptotic factors may provide a rational approach for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.Livin, a novel inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, has been found to be expressed in various malignancies and is suggested to have poorly prognostic significance. However, no data are available concerning the significance of livin in gastric cancer. In this study, we detected the expression of livin in human gastric carcinoma and investigated the apoptotic susceptibility of SGC-7901 cell by shRNAmediated silencing of the livin gene.

Methods-The mRNA and protein expression of livin were analyzed by RT-PCR and western blot assay.The relationship between livin expression and clinical pathologic parameters was investigated. The small interfering RNA eukaryotic expression vector specific to livin was constructed by gene recombination, and the nucleic acid was sequenced. Then it was transfected into SGC-7901 cells by Lipofectamin 2000. RT-PCR and Western blot assay were used to validate gene-silencing efficiency of livin in SGC-7901 cells. Stable clones were obtained by G418 screening. The cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry (FCM). Cell growth state and 50 % inhibition concentration (IC50) of 5-FU and cisplatin was determined by MTT method.

Results-The expression of livin mRNA and protein were detected in 19 of 40 gastric carcinoma cases (47.5%) and SGC-7901 cells. No expression of livin was detected in tumor adjacent tissues and benign gastric lesion. The positive correlation was found between livin expression and poor differentiation of tumors as well as lymph node metastases (P < 0.05). Four small interfering RNA eukaryotic expression vector specific to livin were constructed by gene recombination. And one of them can efficiently decrease the expression of livin, the inhibition of the gene was not less than 70% (P < 0.01). The recombinated plasmids were extracted and transfected gastric cancer cells. The stable clones were obtained by G418 screening, and were amplified and cultured. When livin gene was silenced, the reproductive activity of the gastric cancer cells was significantly lower than the control groups(P < 0.05). The study also showed that IC50 of 5-Fu and cisplatin on gastric cancer cells treated by shRNA was

decreased and the cells were more susceptible to proapoptotic stimuli (5-Fu and cisplatin) (P < 0.01).

Conclusions-C Livin is overexpressed in gastric carcinoma with a relationship to tumor differentiation and lymph node metastases, which is suggested to be one of the molecular prognostic factors for some cases of gastric cancer. ShRNA can inhibit livin expression in SGC-7901 cells and induce cell apoptosis.Livin may serve as a new target for apoptosis-inducing therapy of gastric cancer.

1. Introduction

Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the world. Most patients with this disease are diagnosed in advanced stages, and lose the chance of surgical eradication. Despite much progress in chemotherapy, the overall survival of the patients with gastric cancer in advanced stage is still poor. Resistance of cancer cells to chemoagents may contribute to failure of the treatment. Among the reasons of drug resistance, inhibited process of cell apoptosis may play an important role.

Cancer cells are often characterized by increased resistance to apoptosis [1], which mediates their increased resistance to various stimuli of cell apoptosis, such as DNA damage, hypoxia, nutrient-deprivation [2,3]. Moreover, apoptosis resistance is considered to be a major cause of therapeutic failure for tumors in clinical practice, since many chemo- and/or radiotherapeutic agents function through the induction of apoptotic tumor death [4].

Inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAPs) is a novel family of intracellular proteins which suppress apoptosis induced by a variety of stimuli [5,6], including viral infection, chemotherapeutic drugs, staurosporin, growth factor withdrawal, and by components of the tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a)/Fas apoptotic signaling pathways [7¨C9]. The IAPs consists of a group of structurally related proteins with antiapoptotic properties

[10], and may play a substantial role in preventing tumor cell from apoptosis, and has become the focus of research in recent years. A novel member of this family is ML-IAP/livin/KIAP/BIRC7 (in the following termed livin) which has two isoforms, livin a and livin b [11¨C14]. It has been shown that over-expression of the livin can block apoptosis induced by a variety of proapoptotic stimuli [12]. Interestingly, livin gene has been found to be restrictively expressed in tumor cells, but not, or to lesser amounts in most normal adult tissues [11¨C15], and may contribute to tumorigenesis by allowing malignant cell to avoid apoptotic cell death. So inhibition of livin expression may represent an interesting therapeutic strategy.

In the present study, we investigated the expression of livin in gastric cancinomas and their adjacent tissues. The relationship between livin expression and clinical pathologic parameters was analyzed. Furthermore, we explored the feasibility of shRNA in inhibiting livin gene expression and the apoptotic susceptibility of gastric cancer cell by shRNA-mediated silencing of the livin gene.

2. Patients and methods

2.1. Patients and tumor samples

Forty samples of gastric carcinoma and 13 samples of paracancerous tissues were collected from the patients who received gastrectomy (age of patients ranging from 29-77 years). Thirteen samples of benign gastric lesion (chronic superficial gastritis) were gained from the patients undergoing gastric endoscopic examination (age of patients ranging from 33-77 years). These samples were collected from patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. The patients with gastric cancer were diagnosed as being in stage I to IV based on TNM classification (UICC, 2002). Tumor specimens were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen after surgery and stored at -80℃ until use. Informed consent was obtained from all patients.

2.2. RT-PCR procedure

Total RNA (2 mg) extracted from frozen tissues was reverse transcribed in a final volume of 25 ml with 100 pmol of oligo(dT)15 and 200U M-MLV reverse transcriptase (promega, USA), according to the manufacturer’s guidelines.

Aliquots corresponding to 2.5 ml cDNA were then amplified in PCR buffer containing 25pmol/ml each primer and 1 U Taq polymerase in a final volume of 50 ml. Each amplification was performed for 35 cycles, one cycle profile consisted of denaturationat 94 8C for 30 s, annealing at 59 8C (livin and b-actin) for 30 s and extension at 72 8C for 30 s. A sample without RNA was included in each RT¨CPCR as a negative control.

Sequences of livin and β-actin primers used are as follows:livina/b up stream,50-TCCACAGTGTGCAGGAGACT-30;livina/βdownstream,50-ACGGCACAAAGACGATGGAC-30;b-actinupstream,50-AGCGCAAGTACTCCGTGTG-30;β-actin downstream, 50-AAGCAATGCTATCACCTCCC-30.The size of the amplified products were312/258 bp for livina/b and 501 bp for b-actin respectively.

2.3. Western Blot Analysis

Tissues were homogenized with lysis buffer [50 mM Tris-HCl(pH 7.5), 250 mM

NaCl, 0.1% NP40, and 5 mM EGTA containing 50 mM sodium fluoride, 60 mM b-glycerol-phosphate, 0.5 mM sodium vanadate, 0.1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 10 mg/ml aprotinin, and 10 mg/ml leupeptin. The total protein concentration was determined using Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Protein samples were electrophoresed in a 10% denaturing SDS gel and transferred to PVDF membrane (Roche, USA). The membranes were incubated with specific primary antibodies, reacted with a peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Cell signaling technology,USA), and finally visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence (Cell signaling technology, USA). Monoclonal antibodies recognizing livin (1:250) and actin (1:400) were purchased from Alexesis Inc. (USA) and Santa Cruz Biotechnology (USA).

2.4. Cell lines and cell culture

We selected a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines for thisstudy. SGC-7901 (Shanghai Institute of Cell Research, Shanghai,China) is an adherent, moderately differentiated, human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line. The cell lines are gastric cancer epithelial cells and grow as adherent cells in RPMI 1640 (Hyclone Inc, USA)containing 10% FCS (Life Technologies, Inc.), 100 units/ml penicillin,and 100 mg/ml streptomycin (BioWhittaker). SGC-7901 cells were maintainedat37 8Cina humidified incubatorwithanatmosphere of 5% CO2. Cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (Qilu pharmaceutical factory,China) were solublized in DMSO and stored at 4 8C.

2.5. ShRNA synthesis and construction of PGPU/GFP/Neo/livin plasmids

ShRNA sequences of livin were designed by software of siRNA Sequence-Selector and synthesized (Shanghai Biotech, Ltd.Corp., China). The sequences as following (Table 1)then were inserted into BbsI and BamH sites of the pGPU/GFP/Neo(Shanghai GenePharma Co. Ltd China) to generate pGPU/GFP/Neo/livin and pGPU/GFP/Neo/Control plasmids,respectively.

2.6. Establishment of SGC-7901 stable transfectants expressing pGPU/GFP/Neo/livin and pGPU/GFP/Neo/Control

For transfection experiments, SGC-7901 cells were plated into 6-well plates (3?á105 cells/well), 96-well plates (1×104 cells/well) and 12-well plates (1.5×105 cells/well) for 24 h before transfection

The cells were transfected with 4 mg/well of empty pGPU/GFP/Neo/vector, pGPU/GFP/Neo/livin or pGPU/GFP/Neo/Control plasmid using Li-pofectAMINE 2000 (Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island,NY) according to the manufacturer?ˉs instructions. Forty-eight hours after transfection, the cells were passaged at 1:15 (v/v)

and cultured in mediumsupplemented with Geneticin (G418) at 1000 g/ml for 4 weeks. Stably transfected clones were picked and maintained in medium containing 400 g/ml G418 for additional studies.

2.7. Assay of anchorage-dependent cell growth

Parent cells and cells stably expressing empty pGPU/GFP/Neo vector, pGPU/GFP/Neo/livin or pGPU/GFP/Neo/Control were seeded into 6-well plates. Cells from triplicate wells were collected every other day. Cell numbers were determined using a Coulter counter (Coulter Electronics, Miami, FL). The number of cells per well is reported as the average SD at the indicated number of days after plating.

2.8. MTT assay

Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay. Cells growing exponentially were plated onto 96-well plates at a density of 10000 cells/well for 24 h. The cells were then treated with different concentrations of drugs for 48 h. One hundred microliters of MTT stock solution (1 mg/ml) were added to each well, and the cells were further incubated at 37℃ for 4 h. The supernatant was replaced with isopropyl alcohol to dissolve formazan production. The absorbance at wavelength 595 nm was measured with a micro-ELISA reader (ClinBio-128, SLT, Austria). The ratio of the absorbance of treated cells relative to that of the control cells was calculated and expressed as a percentage of cell death.

2.9. Flow cytometry

Cells were collected and fixed with ice-cold 70% ethanol in PBS and stored at -4℃ until use. After resuspension, cells were incubated with 100 ml of RNase I (1 mg/ml) and 100 ml of PI (400 mg/ml) at 37℃ and analyzed by flow cytometry (BD, USA).

2.10. Statistical analysis

Data were expressed as the means of at least three different experiments ?? SD. The results were analyzed by Student’s t-test, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. Expression of livin in gastric carcinomas

In the present study, for the first time, we evaluated by RT¨CPCR and westen blot the presence of livin expression in 40 gastric cancinomas, 13 para-cancerous tissues and 13 benign lesions of gastric mucosa. In para-cancerous tissues and benign lesions of gastric mucosa, no detectable levels of either mRNA isoforms were revealed, while

篇二：英语作文

1 The Pleasures and Pains of Childhood

Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities to make life difficult. If a child has good parents, he is fed, looked after and loved, whatever he may do.It is improbable that he will ever again in his life be given so much without having to do anything in return. In addition, life is always presenting new things to the child-things that have lost their interest for older people because they are too well-known. A child finds pleasure in playing in the rain, or in the snow. His first visit to the seaside is a marvellous adventure.

But a child has his pains:he is not so free to do as he wishes as he thinks older people are: he is continually being told not to do things, or being punished for what he has done wrong. His life is therefore not perfectly happy.

1童年的快乐和痛苦

童年的时候你不需要履行什么责任,所以说你的生活不会很艰难.如果一个孩子有好的父母,那无论他做什么他都有的吃,会受到别人的爱护和照顾.很可能在他的生命中不会再有这样的机会:从别人那儿得到那么多而不需要付出任何回报.除此之外,生活总是给孩子们展现一些新的东西.而大人对这些东西已经失去了兴趣.因为他们对这些东西全部了解.小孩在雨雪中玩的时候都能够找到快乐,到海滨的第一次旅游也会是一次奇妙的经历.

但是小孩子也有他们的痛苦:他们不能按照他们希望的方式去做事.不断会有人告诉他哪些事情不能做,他们做错了事就会受到惩罚.因此他的生活也不完全是快乐的.

2 How to Behave in an Interview

In order to make a good impression duing a job interview,you need to prepare yourself for it. You must arrive in plenty of time for the interview, so that you give yourself a little time to relax before the interview begins.

The impression you make as you walk into the room is very important. Try to find out if the company or organization has rules about dress. Then try to dress according to their regulations.

You also need to plan what you are going to say. In some interviews you will have to do a lot of talking, and in others you will only have to answer a few questions about your education and experience. You need to have answers ready about yourself, your schoolwork, your strong points, your reasons for applying for the job, and the salary you expect.

You will also be allowed to ask some questions. The questions you ask will show the interviewer that you have given careful thought to the position. You can ask questions like these: What duties will I have to do in the job? Does the company provide health insurance? Does the company provide opportunities for further education?

2在面试中如何去表现

为了在面试中留下好的印象,你需要做好准备.你必须提前足够的时间到达面试现场.这样的话你会有时间在面试之前放松一下自己. 你走进房间时留下的印象非常重要,你应该试图去找出这家公司或者组织对于穿戴有没有规定,然后根据他们的规定来进行穿戴.

你也需要计划一下你准备说什么.在有些面试中,你需要说很多,而在其他面试中,你只需要就你的教育和经历回答一些问题.你需要对以下问题准备好答案:关于你自己、你的学业、你的优势、你应聘这份工作的原因以及你所期望的薪水.

在面试中你也允许问一些问题.你询问问题会使面试者感到你对这个职位进行了深入的思考.你可以问以下这几个问题:我工作的职责是什么公司提供健康保险吗公司提供进修的机会吗

3 Supermarkets

People all over the world shop in supermarkets. When you enter supermarkets, you will see shelves loaded with goods. You will hear soft, light music as you walk along the aisles.Food in supermarkets seem to be very attractive.

A large supermarket is a big business. In addition to food items, many other goods such as house wares, school supplies, toys, clothing, magazines and even books are sold in supermarkets. It is a place where housewives frequent.It tries to meet her needs so that when she leaves, she’ll shop nowhere else.

Supermarkets are becoming more and more popular. There is no doubt about it-more and more housewives around the world will soon be standing in the check-in line.

3超市

全世界的人都会在超市里面买东西.当你进入超市的时候你会看到货架上装满了货物.当你沿着过道向前行走的时候.你会听到轻松舒缓的音乐.超市里的食物似乎非常有吸引力.

一个大超市做的生意很大.除了食物以外,很多其他的商品比如说家庭用具学校办公用品、玩具、衣服、杂志甚至书在超市中都有销售.超市是家庭主妇经常去的地方.它试图满足家庭主妇们的需求.这样的话当她们离开时就不会到其他地方去买东西.

超市现在变得越来越流行.毫无疑问,将来会有越来越多的家庭主妇站在超市的购物线上.

4 Should College Students Do Part-time Jobs?

Most students think that doing part-time jobs when studying at college can provide them with an opportunity to get in touch with the society.

Also, some students do part-time jobs to support themselves. They are said to work through college.

However, it’s not easy to find jobs which are suitable for students. Some jobs requiring long hours of tedious work under tough conditions may do harm to their health. Besides, some jobs may expose them to the negative aspects of society-dishonesty and corruption.

Therefore, students should take a second thought in deciding whether they should do part-time jobs or what kind of jobs they should choose. If they are lucky enough to take a good job, it will benefit them enormously. Otherwise, it may waste their time and their energy.

4大学生是否应该做兼职工作

大部分的学生认为在大学里学习的时候做兼职工作可以给自己提供一个接触社会的机会.还有一些学生做兼职工作是为了养活自己.据说他们整个大学都在工作.

但是,对于大学生来说找到一份合适的工作是不容易的.有些工作条件艰苦并且需要花大量时间的单调的工作对他们的健康有害.除此之外,有些工作会让大学生接触到社会的负面---虚伪和堕落.

因此,大学生在决定是否应该做兼职工作以及应该选择什么样的工作的时候要再三考虑.如果他们很幸运的找到了一份好的工作,那将对他们大有裨益.否则那可能是浪费时间和精力.

5 A Reply to a Birthday Party

Dear Hey,

Happy birthday to you!

I got the invitation to your birthday party yesterday morning. Thanks so much for inviting me to join in your party. I tried hard to reschedule my activities, but I am sorry to tell you that I will not be able to join you. My boss and I have to leave for Shanghai next week for an international trade affair. There is not any possibility of canceling it. I will go to see you as soon I am back. I am sure you will have a great fun at the party!

Sincerely yours,

Jane

5对于参加生日晚会的一个回信

亲爱的亨利,

生日快乐!

昨天早上我收到了你的生日晚会的邀请.非常感谢你邀请我参加你的晚会.我试图重新安排我的活动.但是很遗憾的告诉你我不能参加你.我的老板和我下一周将动身去上海参加一个国际交易会.这一行程是不可能取消的.我一回来就去看你.我相信你在晚会上会玩得很愉快.

你 真 诚 的

简

6 My View on E-mail

Electronic mail, or E-mail for short, is a new way of communication by means of computers. Fast, cheap and convenient, E-mail is so popular that it has become an indispensable means of communication.

Millions of computers all over the world have been connected to form a global network, namely the Internet. You can send and receive by E-mail documents, letters and papers to anyone in other countries in no time. By using E-mail you can also store, delete, compile information. In a word, E-mail helps you overcome spatial and time limitations in communication.

With the rapidly growing popularity of computers and the expansion of information highway, E-mail is expected to play a more and more important role in our lives.

6我对于电子邮件的看法

电子邮件简称电邮,是通过电脑来交流的一种新的方式.它快速、便宜、方便、电子邮件如此的流行以致于它已经变成了一种必不可少的交流方式.

全世界成百上千万的电脑连在一起形成了一个全球网络称做互联网.你可以在很短时间内把文件、信、论文通过电子邮件发给其他国家的任何一个人.通过使用电子邮件你还可以贮存、删除和归类信息.总之电子邮件可以帮助你克服交流上的空间和时间的限制.

随着计算机的迅速普及以及信息高速公路的扩展,电子邮件一定会在我们的生活当中扮演越来越重要的角色.

7 Living in a City-a Crazy Idea

Tired of the city life, some city-dwellers opt for city suburbs as their residence. They are flocking there to avoid people-in the city, wherever you look, it’s people, people, people.

It’s not strange for them complain about the living conditions in the city. It takes ages for a bus to get to you because the traffic on the roads

has virtually come to a standstill. The subways which leave or arrive every few minutes are packed: an endless procession of human sardine tins. All the simple, good things of life like sunshine and fresh air are at a premium. Tall buildings blot out the sun. The flow of traffic goes on continuously and the noise never stops.

Decades of years ago, people were crazy about crowding into the city. Now more and more people believe that only a madman would choose to live in a large modern city.

7居住在城市里面---一个疯狂想法

因为对城市生活感到厌倦.一些住在城里面的人都渴望搬到郊区居住.他们涌向那儿目的是为了避开人群.因为在城里无论你往哪儿看到处都是人.

人们抱怨城里面的居住条件是不奇怪,由于马路上的交通几乎停滞,公共汽车似乎要过几年才能到达你身边.几分钟一班的地铁装满了人.无休止的人排队买沙丁鱼罐头.所有简单好的东西象阳光、新鲜的空气都成了一种奢求.高大的建筑挡住了阳光,交通川流不息,噪声从不停止.

几十年前人们疯狂的涌入城市,现在越来越多的人认为只有疯子才会居住在现代大都市里.

8 Career Hopping

Today, growing numbers of men and women are changing careers or getting second starts in careers that have greater appeal to them. Many of those who find that their work is unsatisfactory retrain themselves for a different occupation.

Job changes and careers shifts occur at all ages. It is estimated that as many as one out of four male workers between the ages of twenty and twenty-five change their lines of work. About half that number do so between the ages of twenty-five and forty-four. Some married women combine child-rearing responsibilities with new career lines.

Motives for changing careers vary widely, but many people move because they feel bored with the dull routine. For some, a second start grows out of the realization that what they want out of life is not what they are doing, and they decide to do what they enjoy. Most go back to school to get the training they need to make the shifts.

8跳槽

今天,越来越多的人正在跳槽,而在对他们更有吸引力的其他行业重新开始.很多觉得自己工作不太满意的人都会对自己重新培训来从事一份不同的工作.

换工作,换职业在所有年龄段都会发生.据调查,有四分之一的男性工人在二十到二十五岁之间都会选择跳槽.大约有八分之一的人在二十五岁到四十四岁之前选择跳槽,有些已婚妇女会把照顾孩子的责任和新的行业连在一起.

人们跳槽的原因多种多样.但很多人跳槽是因为对于单调的日常工作感到厌烦.对于有些人来说,跳槽完全是处于意识到从他们现在所从事的工作当中无法得到他们所想要的.所以他们决定做他们喜欢做的工作.大部分人会重新回到学校,接受跳槽所需要的培训.

9 The Young and the Old

When the young man starts to earn his own living,he becomes free from discipline of school and parents; but at the same time he is forced to accept responsibilities. He can no longer expect others to pay for his food, his clothes, and his room, but has to work if he wants to live comfortably. If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child, he will go hungry. And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break the laws of his parents, he may go to prison. If, however, he works hard, keeps out of trouble and has good health, he can have the great happiness of seeing himself make steady

Old age has always been thought of as the worst age to be; but it is not necessary for the old to be unhappy. With old age should come wisdom and the ability to help others with advice wisely given. The old can have the joy of seeing their children making progress in life; they can watch their grandchildren growing up around them; and, perhaps best of all, they can, if their life has been a useful one, feel the happiness of having come through the battle of life safely and of having reached a time when they can lie back and rest, leaving others to continue the fight.

9年轻人和老人

当年青人开始谋生时,他就不受学校纪律和父母的约束了.但同时他也被迫接受许多责任.他不必再指望别人给他提供食物、衣服和住所，但如果他想舒服地生活就必须工作.如果他还像过去小时候那样度日,他就会挨饿.如果他像过去破坏父母的规矩那样破坏社会的规定,他就可能被送入监狱.但如果他努力工作,没有麻烦,健康状况好,他就会看到自己在工作中不断进步,在社会中建立自己的地位,并且从中获得快乐.

老年总是被人们认为是最差的年龄段,但老人也不一定就不快乐.老人年龄增长,他们就具备了帮助别人,向别人提出建议的能力和智慧.老人看到他们的孩子在生活中不断进步会感到开心,他们可以看着他们的孩子成长,可能最好的事情就是如果的生活很有意义,他们可以感受安然度过生命斗争的喜悦,并且他们已经到了躺下来休息让别人去继续生命斗争的时候了.

10 Electricity and Our Life

Since its invention, electricity has found wide applications in industry, agriculture and scientific research. It is so essential to our daily life that, without electricity, we could not enjoy modern comforts because home appliances would not function. Without electricity, we could not cook food, wash clothes and watch TV.

Roughly, there are three ways to save electricity. First, we should produce electricity-saving home appliances. Second, remember to turn off the light when you leave a room. Lastly, we should change our way of life. Avoid as much as possible the “artificial life” powered by electricity.

10电和我们的生活

自从发明之后,电已经被广泛运用到工业、农业以及科学研究当中.电对我们的生活非常重要,没有电我们就无法享受现代生活的舒适;因为家用电器都无法工作.没有电我们就无法烧饭、洗衣服、看电视.

一般说来节约用电有三种方式.第一,我们应该生产节能的家用电器.第二,离开房间时记住关掉灯.最后,我们应该改变我们的生活方式,尽可能避免电能为基础的人造生活.

11 Turn off Your Mobile Phone

With the development of information technology and reduced price of communication products, the mobile phone has become a necessity for people. It is obvious that it shortens the distance between people and makes our life more convenient. Thanks to it, it’s easy for us to contact others anytime and anywhere.

However, have you noticed that the mobile phone also brings embarrassment to people? It’s not rare to see people pressing the mobile phone to his ear and shouting loudly in public as if there were no one else present. It is more than likely that you have noticed that the mobile phones ring continuously on a formal occasion. People around them have to listen to the noise and they can’t concentrate on what they’re doing.

11关闭你的手机

随着信息技术的发展以及通信产品价格的下降,手机已成为人们的必需品.虽然它缩短了人与人之间的距离,使生活更加方便,正因为有了手机,我们可以很容易地在任何时间和地点和他人联系.

但是,你有没有发现手机也给人们带来了尴尬?把手机贴在耳边在公共场合大叫大喊,似乎无人在场,这种现象也不罕见.在正式场合手机铃声响个不停的现象更是屡见不鲜.他们周围的人不得不忍受他的噪音无法集中精神做事.

12 A Healthy Lifestyle

Dear James,

I am glad to get your letter. Do you still feel stressful? As far as I know, a lot of people live in a way that is wearing themselves out. In fact, life doesn’t have to be like that. It is wise to bear an important principle in your mind-managing time. To make it simple, decide what you want in your life, and put that first. Whatever makes you feel good about yourself and your life, just do it! Take a nap, or a walk. Take time to play the piano. Stop bringing your briefcase home from the office. Fill more of your time with want-to-dos instead of have –to-dos.

Each of us has to make choices and accept trade-offs. Anyhow, we should do something for ourselves. I hope you can manage your life! Stay cool!

Yours faithfully,

Linda

12健康的生活方式

亲爱的詹姆斯,

收到你的来信很开心.你还觉得很压抑吗?据我所知,许多人的生活方式让自己筋疲力尽.实际上生活不必那样.在头脑中坚守一条原则---合理安排时间---是明智的.简单地说,把你生活中想要的排在第一位.无论什么,只要让你感到开心就去做吧.腾出时间打个盹或者走一走.花点时间弹钢琴,不要把你的公文包带回家.用你想做的事情去充塞你的时间而不是用你不得不做的事.

我们每个人都必须做出选择,接受休息.无论如何,我们应该为我们自己做些事.我希望你能够控制自己的生活,保持清醒的头脑.

你的

琳达

13 Education-Preparation for Society

Education is not an end, but a means to an end. In other words, we do not educate children for the purpose of educating them; our purpose is to fit them for life.

Because of the development in modern education, many people avail of the opportunities to receive college education. But there are not enough positions for people with university degrees. Besides, some graduates refuse to do what they think “low” jobs-work with hands is thought to

be indecent.

In fact, when we say that all of us must be educated, it means that we must be educated in such a way that, firstly, each of us should do whatever job is suited to his brain and ability, and secondly, that we must realize that all jobs are necessary to society.

13教育为社会做准备

教育不是目的,而是达到目的的手段.换句话说,我们不是为了教育孩子而教育他们,我们的目的是让他们适应生活.

由于现代教育的发展,许多人获得了接受大学教育的机会.但是获得大学学位的人却没有足够的岗位.此外,有些毕业生拒绝做他们认为低等的工作---手工工作被认为是不得体的.

实际上,当我们说所有人都必须接受教育,意思是我们应该按照以下方式接受教育:第一,我们每个人都应该做适合我们大脑和能力的工作;第二,我们必须意识到所有工作对社会都是必须的.

14 Making a Phone Call or Writing a Letter

When there is a need to communicate with people, we either make a phone call or write a letter. Some people like making a phone call while others prefer writing a letter.

The advantage of phoning is evident. It is handy and fast. We can contact whomever we want to and talk with him right away. By making phone calls, people can discuss things as if they were in the same room. However, there are still some people who prefer to write letters. There is no doubt that letters are less expensive

than long-distance calls. Besides it is a better choice for those who are not good at expressing themselves orally. However, it takes days, even weeks for a letter to reach its destination.

Both making a phone call and writing a letter are effective means of communication. It seems advisable to make use of them both on different occassions.

14打电话还是写信

当我们需要与他人联系时,我们或者打电话,或者写信.有些人喜欢打电话而其他人喜欢写信.

打电话的好处是显而易见的.它易操作又快捷.我们可以立刻联系到我们想要联系的人并与之通话.通过打电话,人们可以像在同一个房间里讨论问题.但是还是有些人喜欢写信.毫无疑问,写信比打长途电话要便宜.同时对于那些不善口头表达的人来说写信是更好的选择.但是一封信要到达目的地要花几天甚至几周.

打电话和写信都是有效的交流方式,我们建议应该在不同的场合使用这两种不同的方式.

15 A Letter of Application

Dear Sir:

I was pleased to see your ad in the newspaper on December 25th for a sales engineer. In July I will receive my bachelor’s degree in Electronic Engineering from Nanjing University, and I would like to be considered for the post.

I believe I am a competitive candidate for your post because both my education and work experience meet your requirement. Besides degree courses concerning electronics, I also took such courses as Marketing, Consumer Behavior Strategies. Last summer, I participated in an electronic project, from which I have gained practical experience in this field.

I would welcome an opportunity to join your company because your post is what I’ve been preparing for. If you feel that I might be the right person for the job I would be ready for an interview at your convenience. I am looking forward to your reply!

15求职信

亲爱的先生:

我很高兴在12月25日的报纸上看到你招聘销售工程师的广告.七月份我将从南京大学获得电子工程专业学士学位,我希望你能考虑让我担任这个职位.

我相信我是一个具有竞争力的候选人,因为我的教育背景和工作经历会满足你的需要.除了电子学位课程以外,我还参加了市场销售.销售者行为策略.去年夏天,我参与了一个电子项目,从中我获得了这一领域的实践经验.

如果能获得机会加入你们公司我会非常高兴.因为你们的岗位正是我准备寻找的.如果你们觉得我适合这一份工作.我随时准备在你们方便的时候参加面试.我期待你们的回复.

16 A letter of Complaint

Dear Sir:

篇三：药学专业英语

专业英语词汇词素（词根）

1. haplo,mono,uni ：单，一，独 haploid 单倍体 monoxide一氧化碳 monoatomic单原子的 2. bi,di,dipl,twi,du :： 二，双，两，偶 biocolor 双色,dichromatic 双色的,diplobacillus 双杆菌 dikaryon 双核体 twin ：孪生 dual 双重的

3. tri :三，丙 triangle三角 triacylglycerol三酰甘油 tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环 4. quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra：四 quadrilateral四边的 quadrivalent四价的 quadruped四足动物tetrode四极管 tetracycline四环素

5. pent,penta,quique五 pentose戊糖pentagon五角形pentane戊烷quintuple 五倍的 pentose戊糖 pentomer五邻粒

6. hex,hexa,sex 六 hexose已糖 hexapod六足动物hexapoda昆虫纲 hexamer六聚体 7. hepta,sept 七 heptane 庚烷 heptose 庚糖 heptoglobin七珠蛋白 8. oct八 octpus 章鱼 octagon八角形 octane 辛烷 octase 辛糖 9. enne,nona九 nonapeptide 九肽 enneahedron 九面体

10. deca,deka 十 :decapod 十足目动物 decahedron 十面体 decagram 十克 11. hecto, 百 hectometer百米 hectoliter百升 hectowatt 百瓦

12. kilo,千 kilodalton (KD) 千道尔顿 kilobase 千碱基 kiloelectron volt 千电子伏特 13. deci,十分之一，分 decimeter 分米decigram 十分之一克 14. centi,百分之一

15. milli,千分之一，毫millimole 毫摩（尔）milliliter 毫升

16. micro,百万分之一，微，微小，微量microgram微克 microogranism微生物microecology微生态学micropipet微量移液器

17. nano十亿分之一，毫微，纳nanosecond十亿分之一秒nanometer纳米

18. demi,hemi,semi半 demibariel 半桶 hemicerebrum 大脑半球semiopaque半透明 semi-allel半等位基因 semi-conductor半导体

19. holo 全，整体，完全 holoenzyme 全酶holoprotein全蛋白 holocrine全（质分）泌

20. mega巨大，兆，百万 megaspore大孢子，megabasse兆碱基megakaryocyte巨核细胞megavolt兆伏 megalopolitan特大城市

21. macro 大，巨大，多macrophage巨噬细胞macrogamete大配子macroelement常量元素 macromolecular大分子

22. poly,multi,mult 多，复合polyacrylate聚丙烯酸酯 polymerase 聚合酶 multichain多链的multinucleate 多核的 multicistronic mRNA多顺反子mRNA multicopy多拷贝1 chrom颜色

chromophore生色团 chromosome染色体 chromatography色谱法 2 melan,melano,nigr 黑 melanoma黑素瘤melanin黑色素melanophore黑色素细胞 3 xantho,flavo,fla,flavi,lute黄 xanthophyl叶黄素 xanthous黄色的，黄色人种xathine黄嘌呤 flavin黄素flavone黄酮 letein黄体素，叶黄素flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD)黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸 4 erythro, rub, rubrm, ruf,红

erythrocyte红细胞erythromycin红霉素erythropoitin(EPO)促红细胞生成素 5 chloro,chlor绿，氯

chlorophyll叶绿素 chloride氯化物chloramphenicol氯霉素 6 cyan,cyano 蓝，青紫色，氰 cyanophyceae 蓝藻纲 cyanobacteria蓝细菌cyanide氰化物 7 aur,glid,chrys金色

aureomycin金霉素chrysose 金藻淀粉 chrysanthemum菊花 glidstone 金沙石 glid 镀金 8 leu,leuco,leuk,leuko,blan,alb无色，白色

leucine亮氨酸 leukaemia=leucosis白血病bleaching powder漂白粉 albomycin白霉素 四表示方位和程度的词素 1 endo,ento,内，在内

endocrine内分泌endocytosis胞吞作用 endogamy近亲繁殖 endolysin内溶素 entoderm内胚层 2 ec, ect, exc, extra 外，外面，表面

ectoblast外胚层 ectoparasite 外寄生生物 extract 抽取，浸出 3 meso 中，中间

mesosphere 中圈，中层 mesoplast 中胚层质 4 intra,intro,inter 在内，向内

intra-allelic interaction 等位基因内相互作用 intracellular（细）胞内的interurban城市之间 5 centri,centro,medi,mid 中心，中央，中间

centrifuge离心 centriole 中心粒centrosome 中心体 centrogeng着丝基因 6 epi,peri 上，外，旁 epidermal growth factor(EGF): 表皮生长因子 epibranchial上鳃的perilune近月点 7 sub,suc,suf,sug 下，低，小

suborder 亚目 submucosa粘膜下层subclone亚克隆 subcellular亚细胞 subsection小节，分部 8 super,supra 上，高，超

superconductor超导体 superfluid 超流体 superoxide 超氧化物 supramolecular超分子的 9 hyper 超过，过多

hypersensitive 过敏的 hyperelastic 超弹性的hypertension 高血压 hyperploid 超倍体 10 hypo下，低，次

hypoglycaemia 低血糖 hypotension低血压hypophysis脑下垂体 11 iso 等，相同，同 iso-osmotic等渗的isopod等足目动物 isotope同位素 12 oligo，olig少，低，寡，狭 oligohaline 狭盐性 oligogene寡基因 oligomer寡聚体 oligophagous寡食性 oligarchy寡头 13 eury 多，宽，广

eurythermal 广温的 euryhaline广盐性eurytopic species广幅种 14 ultr 超

ultra-acoustics 超声学ultra-structure超微结构ultroviolet紫外线 15 infra 下，低，远

infralittoral 潮下带，远岸的 infrahuman类人生物infrared红外线的 infrastructure基础结构，基本结构

五 表示动物不同器官和组织的词素 1 cephal,capit,cran 头，头颅 2 cyte 细胞

3 carn,my,mya,myo,肉，肌肉

4 haem,haemat,hem,aem,sangul 血 5 soma,corp 体，身体 6 some,plast 体，颗粒

7 hepa,hepat 肝 heparin 肝素 hepatopancreas肝胰腺 hepatocyte 肝细胞 hepatoma肝癌 8 ren,nephr 肾adrnal肾上腺的 nephridia肾管 nephron肾单位

9 card,cord 心 cardiotoxin 心脏毒素 cardiovascular center 心血管中枢 electrocardiogram心电图 concord一致，和谐

10 ophthalm,ocell,ocul 眼 ophthalmology眼科学 ophthalmia眼炎 ophthalmologist眼科专家 11 branchi 鳃 filibranch丝鳃 lamellibrnch瓣鳃 sencondary branchium次生鳃

12 brac ,brachi 腕，手臂 brachiolaria 短腕幼虫brachionectin臂粘连蛋白 bracelet手镯 13 dent,odont 牙齿 dentin牙质 odontphora 齿舌 odontoblast成牙质细胞 14 plum羽 plumatus 羽状的 plumule绒毛 plumage （鸟的）羽毛 15 foli,foil 叶 follicle滤泡 foiling叶形 foliage 叶子 foliose 多叶的

药名常用词首 ace- 乙（酰基）

acet- 醋；醋酸；乙酸 acetamido- 乙酰胺基 acetenyl- 乙炔基

acetoxy- 醋酸基；乙酰氧基 acetyl- 乙酰（基） aetio- 初 allo- 别

allyl- 烯丙（基）；CH2=CH-CH2- amido- 酰胺（基） amino- 氨基

amyl- ①淀粉②戊（基） amylo- 淀粉 andr- 雄 andro- 雄

anilino- 苯胺基

anisoyl- 茴香酰；甲氧苯酰 anti- 抗

apo- 阿朴；去水 aryl- 芳（香）基 aspartyl- 门冬氨酰 auri- 金（基）；（三价）金基 aza- 氮

（杂） azido- 叠氮 azo- 偶氮 basi- 碱 baso- 碱

benxoyl- 苯酰；苯甲酰 benzyl- 苄（基）；苯甲酰 bi- 二；双；重 biphenyl- 联苯基 biphenylyl- 联苯基 bis- 双；二 bor- 硼 boro- 硼 bromo- 溴

butenyl- 丁烯基（有1、2、3位三种） butoxyl- 丁氧基 butyl- 丁基 butyryl- 丁酰 caprinoyl- 癸酰 caproyl- 己酰 calc- 钙

calci- 钙 calco- 钙 capryl- 癸酰 capryloyl- 辛酰 caprylyl- 辛酰

cef- 头孢（头孢菌素族抗生素词首） chlor- ①氯②绿 chloro- ①氯②绿 ciclo- 环 cis- 顺 clo- 氯 crypto- 隐 cycl- 环 cyclo- 环 de- 去；脱 dec- 十；癸 deca- 十；癸

dehydro- 去氢；去水

demethoxy- 去甲氧（基） demethyl- 去甲（基） deoxy- 去氧 des- 去；脱

desmethyl- 去甲（基） desoxy- 去氧 dex- 右旋 dextro- 右旋 di- 二

diamino- 二氨基 diazo- 重氮

dihydro- 二氢；双氢 endo- 桥

epi- 表；差向 epoxy- 环氧 erythro- 红；赤 estr- 雌

ethinyl- 乙炔（基） ethoxyl- 乙氧（基） ethyl- 乙基 etio- 初 eu- 优

fluor- ①氟②荧光 fluoro- ①氟②荧光 formyl- 甲酰（基） guanyl- 脒基