exposition说明文

篇一：说明文exposition

说明文exposition

这一类文章的性质和目的是在解释，提供知识，和表明观念；“exposition”这个字的意思就是“explanation”(解释)，既然如此，这类文章最大的要求是清晰；作者可以使用任何方法和技巧，以期能达到清晰明确的境地。

依一般分类，说明文有下列六种：

(1)定义法(Definition) (2)例说法(Example) (3)分类法(Classification)

(4)分析法(Analysis) (5)类比法(Analogy) (6)比较法或对比法(Comparison Or Contrast)

[注]说明文中亦可穿插以描写文与叙述文的写作方法。

说明文是写作最常用到的体裁，其最常用的方法就是将事物加以解说。例如，说明事物的过程，说明事物的因果，说明事物的状态等等。对人物来说，说明该人物的处境，说明该人物的想法，说明该人物的背景等等。如果要将描述文与说明文作一严格区分的话，那就是描述文重官能的观察与感受，而说明文重头脑的分析与理性的研判。对事物的体验是一同事，而对事物的彻底了解又是另一同事。体验是官能的，而了解却是观念上的问题。闻到花是香的，乃是官能上的，而花为什么是香的，却是知识性的观念上的问题。前者是描述文的范围，后者则是说明文的范围。

知识性的东西我们可从百科全书，字典辞源，各科手册，以及语言的文法修辞等书籍来获得。但这些仅是资料而已，要将资料变成一篇文章还需要文字的组织能力。我们可以这样说，说明文是一种实用的写作方法，将人类的知识系统化，这可以说是一种其功至伟的写作方法。

说明文最简单的方法就是例证法：将详细资料表列，一一举证，以说明什么是什么，怎样发生，结果怎样。另外两种较复杂的说明文是分析法与定义法：其方法必用到归类法与等级法。例如，要说明一件机器的操作，就必须把这件机器加以归类，引述其功能目的。又如，要了解一条鲸鱼，首先要将其归为哺乳类，因为它是胎生动物而非卵生鱼类。而后再进而分析鲸鱼中许多不同的类别。定义法以研究其事物的必然性为主，不涉及其他。

说明文中当有比较法与对照法，必须用此类方法的原因，乃是有些抽象事物无法具体归类，于是只好用类例来此较对照之；即以类例说出与其相关的概念，使读者容易接受其概念。

<范文> Dreams

Men have always been interested in their dreams. In superstitious (2) ages and countries, dreams were regarded very seriously. Every dream was supposed to have a meaning, and it was the business of priests and astrologers(3) to interpret people's dreams for them. They were generally looked upon as predictions of the future warnings of coming dangers or sorrows, or prophecies

of coming good fortune. Dreams were believed to be supernatural communications from the gods, or the spirits of the dead, and so were divine revelations.

Educated people no longer look on dreams in this way. Some laugh at them as mere illusions, and not worthy of any serious consideration; but others find them interesting for psychological(4) study. For one thing, dreams prove that in the sleep we are not completely unconscious. Part of our brain is awake and working. We are unconscious of our immediate surroundings in sleep. We see nothing, we hear no-thing, and know nothing of what is going on around ns. Yet the fact that we dream proves we are not completely unconscious.

It is often interesting to try to discover the cause of dreams. The causes of some dreams are purely physical. A heavy supper which causes indigestion, will give us nightmare, particularly horrible and terrifying kind of dream. Some one knocking at our door may make us dream we are on the battlefield and deafened with the thunder of guns. One man dreamt he was walking near the crater of a volcano and his feet were burnt with the hot rocks; but when he woke up, he found his feet were pressed upon his hot-water bottle!

Most dreams are really confused and disjointed memories of past events in our lives. We can often trace a dream back, and find it was suggested by something we saw or heard or read about only a day or two before. For example, a lawyer, who had been thinking over a case late at night, dreamt when he went to bed of nothing but lizards. When he came to his study in the morning, he found that, while he was thinking out his case, he had been staring unconsciously at his clock, the case of which was decorated with (5) the bronze image of a lizard.

Dreams refer to the past, not the future. And they are not supernatural, but only the confused workings of our own imaginations.

语汇说明

(1)Dreams(梦)：这篇说梦的文章是从四个方面来加以述说：(A)梦曾被认为是预卜未来的超自然表现；

(B)梦证明我们睡着了的时候并非全然没有知觉；(C)有些梦是因生理上的原因而引起的；(D)大部份的梦是过去事件的杂乱记忆。

(2)superstitious：迷信的 (3)astrologers：占星家；星象家

(4)Psychological：心理上的；心理学上的 (5)be decorated with：饰以?；装饰着...

篇二：英语说明文(exposition)

说明文是解释、说明一物、一技或一理。说明文分人物说明文、事物说明文、事理说明文和程序说明文。人物说明文有人物介绍和经历，事物说明文主要介绍实物是“什么样”和“怎么样”的。事理说明文常用于介绍科学知识。程序说明文主要用于介绍和说明某实物怎样操作，怎样使用。

说明文的主要特点，一是知识的科学性，二是行文的条理性。写这类文章宜少用描写，要用具体详实的材料说明问题，而不要抽象空洞地讨论。语言要简洁、准确，条理要清楚。讨论问题时要集中，切忌面面俱到。

写作中可以应用举例、比较、对比、分类、分析、数字、图表、描写和叙述等手法。

【例1】

A Tree

A tree consists of three main parts: the roots, the branches and the leaves. Under the ground, the roots spread out so that the tree can stand firm. Above the ground, the roots form the trunk, which supports the branches. Near the top of the tree, the trunk divides into branches. At the top of the tree, the leaves grow out of the branches. The leaves receive sunlight to help the whole tree grow.

描写一个直立物体，其写作顺序从上到下。如描写一棵树可以分为三个部分，然后逐一描写。这种手法还可用于描写高山、楼房等。

【例2】

The Sun and The Earth

The sun shines on us. It gives us light and heat. It makes everything grow. It gives the earth life.

The earth rotates on its Axis. So, we have day and night. It’s bright by day and dark by night. The earth also travels round the sun in an orbit. As it travels, we have four seasons. It is hot in summer and cold in winter. The days are long in summer and short in winter. In spring it is warm and the days are getting longer. In autumn it is cool and the days are getting shorter.

本文是一篇介绍太阳和地球的说明文。文章对太阳和地球客观、如实地进行介绍，不含有作者个人的感情色彩。文章目的明确，条理清楚，层次分明，语言简练。

【例3】

Games

A game is a type of recreation for us to relax after a hard study and concentration. We play games in the playground at half past four in the afternoon every day. We always enjoy this time.

As a rule, the boys play more games than the girls. Most of the boys like to play football, baseball and basketball. The younger boys like to play table-tennis.

Most of the girls like to swim and play badminton. They also play other games but they do not play football.

To have a sound mind for study, we must keep our bodies fit and healthy. Games can help to improve our health. The famous proverb says, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” All of us should learn to play one or two sport games when we are in school. We need not spend a lot of time on them every day. If we are busy, half an hour may be enough.

文章介绍了什么是游戏，男孩和女孩分别喜欢什么游戏，以及游戏对孩子成长的好处。

【例4】

Basketball

The game of basketball is about one hundred years old. It wan first invented in December 1891 by James Naismith in Springfield, Mass., USA. He wanted to invent an indoor game for his students to play in the winter. It is now played in many countries of the world. It is very popular in the USA, Asia and Europe. T you cannot carry the ball.

You play football on a court 50 feet by 94 feet. You must throw the ball into a high basket. You can bounce the ball, but you cannot carry the ball. There are five people on each team, and you can substitute players.

Basketball is a fast and exciting game to play. When you are score a basket, it is very pleasing. It is also easy for children to play. Both girls and boys can play. It is a very good exercise. Tall people have an advantage in this game. It is not expensive. It is fun to play in a good team, and there are many places to play. It is an ideal game to play in big cities because it does not need much space.

文章介绍了篮球发展的历史，球场大小，简单运动规则，以及与其他运动相比它所具有的优势。

【例5】

以Health Habits为题写一篇短文，说明早期早睡对人体的好处，可以用正反两方面的例子来说明以下内容：

人们需要足够的睡眠时间，如果不早睡，睡眠时间不足，就会影响人们的工作。 每天早起，进行早锻炼，能使人体保持健康。

Health Habits

A habit is something we often do. We do not consciously think when we are doing it. We can have good habits and bad habits.

Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

This is an old English saying. It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning. If we do, we shall be healthy, rich and clever.

Is it true? Perhaps it is. The body must have enough sleep. If you do not go to bed early, you cannot have enough sleep. Then you cannot think properly and cannot do your work properly. You will not be wise and you may not become wealthy!

Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning. This is not good for them. We must sleep at night when it is dark. The dark helps us to sleep properly. When daylight comes, we must get up. This is the time for exercise. Exercise can be in the form of walking, running, jumping, swimming and playing games. If the body is not used, it becomes weak. Exercise keeps it strong.

If you want to keep healthy, you must form a good habit.

【例6】

根据以下提示写一篇120字左右的短文。

1） 我最喜爱的电视（或广播）节目是。。。。。。

2） 这类节目的内容和特点。。。。。。

3） 我喜欢它的原因。。。。。。

My Most Favorite Program

My favorite TV program is “Animal World”. It is shown on CCTV every Sunday evening. The program brings us scenes of animal life from all over the world. It explains the animals’ habits and describes their natural surroundings. It is not just about animals, though; the program also shows us fish, birds and plants.

Having been brought up in the city, I have only seen wild animals in zoos. So this program gives me a chance to learn about the other creatures which share our planet. Moreover, it helps me to appreciate the contribution they make to the ecological environment.

The program is well produced; the scenery is always beautiful, and the narrator is well informed. To my mind, it is an ideal combination of both entertainment and education. Therefore, I look forward to watching it as the weekend draws to a close, and I hope you will too.

练习题：

1） 排球运动

2） 怎样面对困难

3） 我为什么要进大学

4） 成功的秘密

说明利弊题型

这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测)

1。说明事物现状;2。 事物本身的优缺点(或一方面);3。你对现状(或前景)的看法。Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally， its advantages can be seen as follows. First _________(A的优点之一)。 Besides ___________(A的优点之二)。

But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that _______________(A的第一个缺点).To make matters worse，_______________(A的第二个缺点).

Through the above analysis， I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore， I would like to _______________(我的看法).

From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A， we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way， (对前景的预测).)

要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法

1.有一些人认为… 2.另一些人认为… 3.我的看法…

The topic of ①____________(主题)is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②____________(支持A的理由一)What is more， ③(理由二)。 Moreover， ④_____________(理由三)。

While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly，_________(支持B的理由一)。 Secondly (besides)，⑥______________(理由二)。 Thirdly (finally)，⑦_____________(理由三)。

From my point of view， I think ⑧__________(我的观点).The reason is that ⑨__________(原因)。 As a matter of fact， there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me， the former is surely a wise choice 。

给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点

ome people believe that ①____________(观点一)。 For example， they think ②___________(举例说明).And it will bring them ③_______________(为他们带来的好处)。

In my opinion， I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing，④__________(我不同意该看法的理由一)。 For another thing， ⑤____________(反对的理由之二).

Form all what I have said/In a word/In conclusion， I agree to the thought that ⑥__________(我对文章所讨论主题的看法).

Recently _______,what amazes us most is______________,it is ture that__________.

There are many reasons explaining__________________________.The main reason is____________________.

what is more_________________________.thirdly__________________________.As a result_______________.

Considering all there,________________________.For one thing_____________________,for another________

____.In Conclusion____________________.

一种事物或现象(负面意义倾向)

关于A的话题,早已引起了广泛的社会关注。如今在电视、报纸、日常生活的很多角落，都有越来越多的关于A的议论。

给A一个精确恒定的定义并非易事，因为它的概念涉及了科学、人性、思想、经济、社会、自然等广阔的领域。一般而言，我们可以这样描述A…

A能成为公众关注的焦点，主要是由于它对个人、集体乃至整个世界都有着不容忽视的不良影响。

篇三：Exposition(说明文)

Exposition (说明文)

1. Definition

Ambition means the goal in our life. To have one’s ambition does not nec(来自:WWw.zW2.CN 爱作文网)essarily mean to become the chief state leaders. This is not in the real sense of the word. True ambition is the goal that encourages us always to look forward and not to lose hope because of failure. Ambition differs from person to person and everyone has his own ambition. Yet not everyone of us can succeed in what we desire to do.

2. Illustration

Americans value manual labor. They have great respect for craftsmanship. Many Americans prefer craft hobbies. For example, some build small boats in their leisure time. Others make new furniture or refinish antique furniture. Others enjoy gardening or painting. Many low-income American families have beautiful furniture or paintings or pottery or boats. They make these things and they are proud of their manual skill. In fact some people are really very handy.

3. Classification

All matter is in one of the three states. It may be in the state of a gas, a liquid or a solid. A solid has definite shape and definite volume. A liquid has definite volume, but it has no definite shape. It may flow or take the shape of its container. A gas changes not only in shape but also in volume, for it expands and contracts easily.

4. Comparison and Contrast

A kaleidoscope is a cylindrical toy. The cylinder turns, and pieces of glass inside change their geometric patterns and colors. We can never predict their forms and hues. The patterns can be very beautiful at one moment. Then the cylinder might turn and the pattern might become distorted and ugly. The slightest jar changes its form and its colors, too.

Some people are like kaleidoscopes. They are like toys, and we cannot take them seriously. They change their ideas and attitudes unpredictably. They neither consistently support nor consistently condemn a political philosophy or a code of social behavior. They are the uncommitted, shifting people of the world. They waver like the geometric patterns and colors of the kaleidoscope.

5. Cause and Effect

Climate affects the culture of a country. Men must learn to live within the limitations of their environment and climate is an important part of the physical environment. Life in a tropical country is less strenuous and more casual than it is in a temperate one. Men work shorter hours and less vigorously in a hot climate. They cannot play hard either. They tire easily. They can relax by reading, by sipping cool drinks, or by listening to soothing music. They must try to conserve their energy. The wisest ones learn to respect the demands of Nature. (cause – effect)

I do not usually do very well on tests. I get scared in a group of people all writing at once. The ticking of the clock makes me so nervous that I forget what I have learned. Often I do not understand the question well enough to answer it. (effect – cause)

6. Process Analysis

a. Making hamburgers is really very simple. All you need is a pound of minced beef, which you mix with the other things – salt and pepper, a teaspoon of mustard, and an egg as well. You break the egg in a bowl, and mix all the things together with a fork. When it is smooth and well-mixed, make round hamburgers from the mixture, and roll them in some flour. Then you need a frying pan and some oil. Fry the hamburgers on both sides for about 15 minutes, until they are really brown. When they are ready, get some soft bread rolls and cut them in half. Put the hamburgers inside them and eat them as soon as possible.

b. In order to take photographs with your new camera, you must follow these simple instructions. First, take the film cassette out of its packet, and insert it into the back of the camera. Wind the film on until a number 1 appears in the film window at the back of the camera.

Now set the aperture to one of the five positions, marked by the sun or cloud signs, according to the lighting conditions. (Don’t forget to take off the lens cover!)

Look through the viewfinder and move the camera until what you want to photograph appears between the white lens. Hold the camera steady and press the shutter release button slowly. There – that’s all you have to do to get perfect pictures!

c. Here are the directions to get to my house from yours. You walk two blocks north and then turn right on Adams Street. Walk another two blocks to Third Street. Then, turn left on Third Street and walk until you see a dirt road with a yellow house on the corner. That’s my house.

d. There are several advantages of learning to type. First, typing is much less fatiguing than writing, especially when you use an electric typewriter. You can typewrite for hours without fatigue, while steady writing for a time will soon tire your hands. Second, no matter how tired you become, the character of typed letters never changes. On the other hand, script will tend to become sloppy after long periods of writing. Next, typing is always legible with a minimum of effort. At times personal script is so poor that it is difficult, if not impossible, to read. Legibility can contribute to an improved grade, since a teacher is more likely to give a low grade to a sloppily written paper than to a neat, typewritten one. Another advantage is speed. A good typist can type from forty to seventy words per minute, while he can write only about twenty to thirty words per minute by hand.

e. Increasing your vocabulary can help you in a number of ways. You will discover that knowing synonyms, for example, will decrease the amount of repetition in your compositions and make them more enjoyable to read. And if a teacher enjoys reading your paper, he may even give you a better grade. Also, an increased vocabulary will make your own reading more enjoyable. You will find it is much easier to follow the ideas in your history textbook or the newspaper when you do not have to continually run to the dictionary to look up unknown words. If you are not always stumbling over unfamiliar words, you will become more eager to read and not as discouraged when you do come across an unknown word. As a result, you will read faster and more intelligently, become more knowledgeable, hence you will be better informed about the world around you. Strange as it may seem, vocabulary study can make you a better person.