有错误的地方帮忙修改下~看英语,汉语意思在下面~The research of this topic is great useful for English communication.Communication becomes more and more important in recent years.This article is an attempt to reveal the blunders of

有错误的地方帮忙修改下~看英语,汉语意思在下面~The research of this topic is great useful for English communication.Communication becomes more and more important in recent years.This article is an attempt to reveal the blunders of
有错误的地方帮忙修改下~看英语,汉语意思在下面~
The research of this topic is great useful for English communication.Communication becomes more and more important in recent years.This article is an attempt to reveal the blunders of the cross cultural communication through the analysis of six key components and five procedures which are involved in daily conversation and tries to find out solutions to deal with them.
We need to know the cultural background,time,place and social environment and individual problems that heavily affect our encoding and decoding,sending and receiving,as well as the transmitting process of message,influences of speaking and listening to help us communicate successfully in English.
本标题的研究对于如何用英语进行交际非常有用.在近几年沟通已经被重视.本文试图揭示在跨文化交际失误,试图寻找解决方案,以对付他们.
我们需要知道的文化背景、时间、地点、社会环境和个人问题严重影响到我们的编码和解码,发送和接收,以及消息.传输过程中影响英语口语和听力训练,以及如何帮助我们成功的沟通在英语的世界里.

有错误的地方帮忙修改下~看英语,汉语意思在下面~The research of this topic is great useful for English communication.Communication becomes more and more important in recent years.This article is an attempt to reveal the blunders of
你这是机器翻译的吧?这么死板?而且错误很多.我来重新给你翻译一下吧?
本次研究的主题是英语交流的巨大重要性.近年来,交流已经变得越来越重要了.本文试图通过对包含于日常对话的六个核心成分以及五个程序进行分析,来揭示跨文化交流过程中出现的失误,同时试图找到解决的办法.
我们需要了解会对我们信息的编码解码发送接收和传输过程产生巨大影响的不同的文化背景,时间地点以及社会环境和个人问题,也包括口语与听力的影响,用来帮助我们更加成功地使用英语来进行交流.

本课题的研究是伟大的英语交流非常有用。沟通变得越来越近几年越来越重要。本文试图揭示通过五六个关键部件和程序，参与日常会话，并试图找出解决办法来对付他们分析了跨文化交际的失误。
我们需要知道的文化背景，时间，地点和社会环境和个人的问题，严重影响我们的编码和解码，发送和接收，作为信息传输过程，以及，说话，听来帮助我们成功地用英语交流的影响。...

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本课题的研究是伟大的英语交流非常有用。沟通变得越来越近几年越来越重要。本文试图揭示通过五六个关键部件和程序，参与日常会话，并试图找出解决办法来对付他们分析了跨文化交际的失误。
我们需要知道的文化背景，时间，地点和社会环境和个人的问题，严重影响我们的编码和解码，发送和接收，作为信息传输过程，以及，说话，听来帮助我们成功地用英语交流的影响。

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As somebody who has been translating professionally for over 15 years now, I must confess the topic of Translation Techniques poses somewhat of a challenge; trying to pin down strategies that you use ...

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As somebody who has been translating professionally for over 15 years now, I must confess the topic of Translation Techniques poses somewhat of a challenge; trying to pin down strategies that you use almost intuitively every day of your life becomes a rather difficult task.
That is why I decided to outline a widely-accepted list of translation techniques in the hope that the reader may become interested in knowing a little bit more about translation and its nuances.
Direct Translation Techniques
Direct Translation Techniques are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language. Direct translation techniques include:
Borrowing
Calque
Literal Translation
Borrowing
Borrowing is the taking of words directly from one language into another without translation. Many English words are "borrowed" into other languages; for example software in the field of technology and funk in culture. English also borrows numerous words from other languages; abbatoire, café, passé and résumé from French; hamburger and kindergarten from German; bandana, musk and sugar from Sanskrit.
Borrowed words are often printed in italics when they are considered to be "foreign".
Calque
A calque or loan translation (itself a calque of German Lehnübersetzung) is a phrase borrowed from another language and translated literally word-for-word. You often see them in specialized or internationalized fields such as quality assurance (aseguramiento de calidad, assurance qualité taken from English). Examples that have been absorbed into English include standpoint and beer garden from German Standpunkt and Biergarten; breakfast from French déjeuner (which now means lunch in Europe, but maintains the same meaning of breakfast in Québec). Some calques can become widely accepted in the target language (such as standpoint, beer garden and breakfast and Spanish peso mosca and Casa Blanca from English flyweight and White House). The meaning other calques can be rather obscure for most people, especially when they relate to specific vocations or subjects such as science and law. Solución de compromiso is a Spanish legal term taken from the English compromise solution and although Spanish attorneys understand it, the meaning is not readily understood by the layman. An unsuccessful calque can be extremely unnatural, and can cause unwanted humor, often interpreted as indicating the lack of expertise of the translator in the target language.
Literal Translation
A word-for-word translation can be used in some languages and not others dependent on the sentence structure: El equipo está trabajando para terminar el informe would translate into English as The team is working to finish the report. Sometimes it works and sometimes it does not. For example, the Spanish sentence above could not be translated into French or German using this technique because the French and German sentence structures are different. And because one sentence can be translated literally across languages does not mean that all sentences can be translated literally. El equipo experimentado está trabajando para terminar el informe translates into English as The experienced team is working to finish the report ("experienced" and "team" are reversed).
Oblique Translation Techniques
Oblique Translation Techniques are used when the structural or conceptual elements of the source language cannot be directly translated without altering meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the target language.
Oblique translation techniques include:
Transposition
Modulation
Reformulation or Equivalence
Adaptation
Compensation
Transposition
This is the process where parts of speech change their sequence when they are translated (blue ball becomes boule bleue in French). It is in a sense a shift of word class. Grammatical structures are often different in different languages. He likes swimming translates as Er schwimmt gern in German. Transposition is often used between English and Spanish because of the preferred position of the verb in the sentence: English often has the verb near the beginning of a sentence; Spanish can have it closer to the end. This requires that the translator knows that it is possible to replace a word category in the target language without altering the meaning of the source text, for example: English Hand knitted (noun + participle) becomes Spanish Tejido a mano (participle + adverbial phrase).
Modulation
Modulation consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea: Te lo dejo means literally I leave it to you but translates better as You can have it. It changes the semantics and shifts the point of view of the source language. Through modulation, the translator generates a change in the point of view of the message without altering meaning and without generating a sense of awkwardness in the reader of the target text. It is often used within the same language. The expressions es fácil de entender (it is easy to understand) and no es complicado de entender (it is not complicated to understand) are examples of modulation. Although both convey the same meaning, it is easy to understand simply conveys "easiness" whereas it is not complicated to understand implies a previous assumption of difficulty that we are denying by asserting it is not complicated to understand. This type of change of point of view in a message is what makes a reader say: "Yes, this is exactly how we say it in our language".
Reformulation or Equivalence
Here you have to express something in a completely different way, for example when translating idioms or advertising slogans. The process is creative, but not always easy. Would you have translated the movie The Sound of Music into Spanish as La novicia rebelde (The Rebellious Novice in Latin America) or Sonrisas y lágrimas (Smiles and Tears in Spain)?
Adaptation
Adaptation occurs when something specific to one language culture is expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to another language culture. It is a shift in cultural environment. Should pincho (a Spanish restaurant menu dish) be translated as kebab in English? It involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture (for example France has Belgian jokes and England has Irish jokes).
Compensation
In general terms compensation can be used when something cannot be translated, and the meaning that is lost is expressed somewhere else in the translated text. Peter Fawcett defines it as: "...making good in one part of the text something that could not be translated in another". One example given by Fawcett is the problem of translating nuances of formality from languages that use forms such as Spanish informal tú and formal usted, French tu and vous, and German du and sie into English which only has 'you', and expresses degrees of formality in different ways.
As Louise M. Haywood from the University of Cambridge puts it, "we have to remember that translation is not just a movement between two languages but also between two cultures. Cultural transposition is present in all translation as degrees of free textual adaptation departing from maximally literal translation, and involves replacing items whose roots are in the source language culture with elements that are indigenous to the target language. The translator exercises a degree of choice in his or her use of indigenous features, and, as a consequence, successful translation may depend on the translator's command of cultural assumptions in each language in which he or she works".
If you are interested in reading further on the subject, please refer to Peter Fawcett, Translation and Language, St. Jerome, Manchester, 1997 (especially Chapter 4 on Translation Techniques).

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这一领域的研究主题是伟大的有用的英语进行交际。沟通变得越来越重要,在近几年。摘要本文试图揭示了跨文化交际失误,通过分析六个关键部件和五个程序,涉及的日常会话,试图寻找解决方案,以对付他们。
我们需要知道的是文化背景、时间、地点、社会环境和个人问题,严重影响到我们的编码...

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这一领域的研究主题是伟大的有用的英语进行交际。沟通变得越来越重要,在近几年。摘要本文试图揭示了跨文化交际失误,通过分析六个关键部件和五个程序,涉及的日常会话,试图寻找解决方案,以对付他们。
我们需要知道的是文化背景、时间、地点、社会环境和个人问题,严重影响到我们的编码

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