基础英语语法就是 什么是系动词 什么是宾语 什么是从句之类的 多点

基础英语语法就是 什么是系动词 什么是宾语 什么是从句之类的 多点
基础英语语法
就是 什么是系动词 什么是宾语 什么是从句之类的 多点

基础英语语法就是 什么是系动词 什么是宾语 什么是从句之类的 多点
系动词
系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb）,作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语（亦称补语）,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况.
说明：
有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如：
He fell ill yesterday.
他昨天病了.（fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况.）
He fell off the ladder.
他从梯子上摔下来.fell是实义动词,单独作谓语.
1）状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师.（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份.）
2）持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默.
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜.
3）表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired. 他看起来很累.
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心.
4）感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软.
This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香.
5）变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了.
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了.
6）终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如：
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假.
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难.
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了.（turn out表终止性结果）
宾语
是接受句子主体(主语)所做的动作或行为的对象.如“我写字”中的“字”,就是宾语(客体).
1) 宾语的格：
Ich packe meine Buecher in die Mappe. (第四格,最常见) 我把书装进书包.
Ich helfe meiner Mutter. (动词宾语第三格) 我帮妈妈的忙.
Wem gehoert das Fahrrad. (动词宾语第三格) 这车是谁的?
Hol bitte ein Bier aus dem Kuehlschrank. (介词宾语第三格,常见)
请从冰箱拿一瓶啤酒来.
Dieses Gesetz bedarf der Zustimmung des Bundesrats. (动词宾语第二格,极罕见) 此法律须联邦议会同意.
Des Geldes wegen arbeitet sie noch immer. (介词宾语第二格,常见)
为了钱,她还得工作.
2) 宾语的复合形式：
Ich schenke meiner Freundin einen Mantel. (间接/第三格宾语 + 直接/第四格宾语) 我送了我女友一件大衣.
Der Lehrer lehrt uns die deutsche Sprache. (第四格宾语 + 第四格宾语)
老师教我们德文.
Ich wasche mich morgens und abends. (第四格反身代词)
我早晚洗脸.
Ich kauf mir einen Mantel. (三格反身代词 + 第四格宾语)
我给自己买了件大衣.
sich naehern, sich ergeben, sich entziehen等接第四格反身代词 + 第三格宾语
Das Semester naehert sich dem Ende. (第四格反身代词 + 第三格宾语)
学期即将结束.
Er ergibt sich dieser Arbeit. (第四格反身代词 + 第三格宾语)
他致力于这项工作.
Man hat ihn der Freiheit beraubt. (第四格反身代词 + 第二格宾语)
人们剥夺了他的自由.
Sie hat mich an mein Versprechen erinnert. (第四格宾语 + 介词结构)
她提醒我许下的诺言.
Wir beginnen zu arbeiten. (不定式做宾语)
我们开始工作.
3) 能担任宾语的词类或形式：
Ich repariere das Fahrrad. (名词)
Ich will ihn rufen. (代词)
还有名词化了的形容词,分词,数词,副词等
Wir wollen dem Kranken helfen. (形容词)
Er beobachtet die Voruebergehenden. (第一分词)
Glaubt er an seinen Erfolg? Er glaubt daran. (副词)
Von vier Fuenftel der Leute in Afrika sind arm. (数词做介词宾语)
英语中六大从句用法总结
1.主语从句
1）主语从句可直接位于主语的位置,如果从句较长,谓语又较短,可用it作形式主语,而将从句放在句末.常见的句型有：
*It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that...
*It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...
*It is clear\important\likely\possible that...
*It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...
It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.
It seems that the performance is very useful.
2)what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”,一般不用it作形式主语.
What we lack is experience.
3)what,who,when,why,whether等词含有各自的疑问意义,但它们引导的主语从句,都用陈述语序.
How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.
I did know why I felt like crying.
2.宾语从句
1）宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后.连词that常可省略.介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句.in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配,其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句.
*I promised that I would change the situation.
*All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.
*He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.
*This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.
2)宾语从句后如有宾补,要用形式宾语it来代替,而把宾语从句移至宾补之后.
He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.
3)在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句中,如果谓语是否定的,一般将否定词移至主句谓语上,宾语从句则变成肯定形式.
He didn't think that the money was well spent.
3.表语从句
表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中.表语从句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how等引导外,还可由because,as if(though)等引导.that常可省略.如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句,不可用because.
Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.
The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.
It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.
4.同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明,一般用连词that引导,由于先行名词的意义不同,也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引导.常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短,将同位语从句位于谓语之后.
She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.
I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.
The news came that their team had won the championship.
5.定语从句
定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词,也可以是一个句子.定语从句通常位于先行词之后,由关系代词或关系副词引导.
*限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句修饰先行词,对先行词起修饰作用,紧接先行词之后,无逗号,若省去,原句意思不完整.引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等.who,whom,whose用于指人,whose有时也可指物,相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物,但只用于限制性定语从句中.关系代词除了引导定语从句,替代先行词外,还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等.
The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.
Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.
The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.
1)当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时,只能用关系代词that引导从句.
That is all that I've heard from him.
He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.
2)关系代词的省略
在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略.关系代词紧跟介词,作介词宾语时不可用that,只可用which或whom引导从句,并且不可省略,但当介词位于宾语从句句末时,作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that,也可省略.
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with.
3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等.关系副词在从句中作状语,意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构.
Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.
No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day.
5.定语从句
*非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词,也可修饰整个主句,起补充说明作用,与主句之间有逗号隔开,若省去,原句意思不受影响.不可用that引导非限制性定语从句.关系词不可省略.
Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.
*“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句
“介词+which\whom\whose”可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句,该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配,或先行词的习惯搭配.
This is the computer on which he spent all his savings
It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.
*as引导的定语从句
as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中,代替先行词是人或物的名词.as引导非限制性定语从句时,代替整个主句,从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间.
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语)
6.状语从句
*时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：
1）when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等.
We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.
2)as soon as,hardly(scarcely)...when,no sooner...than,each(every) time,the moment,immediately(that)等.
As soon as I sent an e-mail message,I received positive responses.
The moment he heard the good news,he jumped with joy.
*地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where,wherever.
Wherever she went,she took her little daughter with her.
*原因、结果和目的状语从句
1）引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that等.
Considering that he is a freshman,we must say he is doing well.
2)引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that,such...that
,so that,that,so等.
Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.
3)引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that,in order that,for fear that,lest等,从句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情态动词.
We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.
*条件和让步状语从句
1）引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等.
As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.
2)引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though,although,whether,even though,even if,no matter what(when,how...),whatever(whenever,wherever,however.)等.though,even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构,具有强调意义.其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”.
No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.
Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young)
Child as he is,he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child)
*方式状语从句
引导方式状语从句的连词有as,just as,as if,as though等.as if,as though引导的状语从句中,谓语动词常用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反.
The young man made the experiment just as the teacher had taught him.
Everything went on as usual as if nothing had happened.