theu,s,的全称

篇一：TheU.S.

What Makes America a World Power?

Class One No.29 Becky

The United States of America has been a democracy for about 200 years. But how did America grow into a powerful nation from a colonial country in only 200 years? In my opinion, there are 3 significant events which make America a world power.

As the country grew after The American Revolution, differences between 13 states became more obvious. Southern states had many farms that used slave labor, so they didn’t agree to abolish slavery system. While Northerners were against slavery system, Abraham Lincoln was one of them. The situation of half-slave and half-free won’t last too long before the Civil Ward broke out. In 1861, when Lincoln became the president of America, the South claimed the right to break from the United States and form its own Confederacy. In April 1861, President Lincoln was determined to stop the rebellion and kept the country united. He led the Northern states to have a war against the Southern states. To strengthen the army in 1862 President Lincoln issued the Homestead Act and Emancipation Proclamation that freed all slaves in the Confederate states and allowed African Americans into the Union Army. The war lasted for 4 years and Northern states defeated Southern states. American Civil War was the second bourgeois revolution in United States, which abolished Black Slavery System, settled the land issue. It maintained the country united, cleaned the road for capitalism development and laid a good foundation for its future to become a world powerful country. There was no denying that the Civil War was very important to the American development，just like Lincoln once said, “A house divided against itself cannot stand.”

The United States focused on developing its economy after the Civil War. Then the age of invention came. Thomas Edison invented the light bulb; Bell developed the telephone; George made the movie, etc. Only from 1860 to 1890, the government issued 440,000 patents. In this period stared with the invention of electricity, America lunched a technology revolution known as the “Second Industrial Revolution.” Electrical power gradually replaced steam power, which greatly improved the productivity and brought a new strong impetus to American economy development. The widely use of electricity and other inventions not only brought convenience to American’s life but also created immeasurable wealth for the society. More factories, steel mills, and railroads were built. Cities grew in size and number. Relying on its advanced science and technology, the United States surpassed the European powers rapidly in the late 19th century. In 1894, the U.S. industrial output ranked first in the world, becoming the economic world power, when the new country was only 118 years old.

When Americans were living in the shadow of The Great Depression, the Second World War broke out. At first the U.S. did not participate in the war. However, when the war spread in Europe and Asia, the U.S. government was busy in preparing for the war. In addition to strengthening the military and recruiting, the government also placed emphasis on manufacturing military supplies. In 1941, after the war of Britain the U.S. government, as a neutral country, promulgated The Lend-Lease and exported lots of military supplies. In the later 4 years, the U.S. lent 32.5 billion worth of goods to Britain and Soviet Union. As the market’s demand for military supplies increased, labor demand grew in America. Because of the Second World War, American industry recovered, the job market expanded to women and blacks, the employment rate has gradually increased. When other countries’ economic were being destroyed severely by the war, the U.S. was enjoying its economic recovery and developing rapidly. Thus, after the World War II the U.S. became the most powerful country and maintained its position until today. Therefore, the World War II had a great and profound effect on the economic development of America. There’s a saying: “if there were no wars, there would be no today’s America.”

篇二：proteus元件名称 中文名 说明

元件名称 中文名 说明

7407 驱动门

1N914 二极管

74Ls00 与非门

74LS04 非门

74LS08 与门

74LS390 TTL 双十进制计数器

7SEG 4针BCD-LED 输出从0-9 对应于4根线的BCD码

7SEG 3-8译码器电路BCD-7SEG[size=+0]转换电路

ALTERNATOR 交流发电机

AMMETER-MILLI mA安培计

AND 与门

BATTERY 电池/电池组

BUS 总线

CAP 电容

CAPACITOR 电容器

CLOCK 时钟信号源

CRYSTAL 晶振

D-FLIPFLOP D触发器

FUSE 保险丝

GROUND 地

LAMP 灯

LED-RED 红色发光二极管

LM016L 2行16列液晶 可显示2行16列英文字符，有8位数据总线D0-D7，RS，R/W，EN三个控制端口（共14线），工作电压为5V。没背光，和常用的1602B功能和引脚一样（除了调背光的二个线脚）

LOGIC ANALYSER 逻辑分析器

LOGICPROBE 逻辑探针

LOGICPROBE[BIG] 逻辑探针 用来显示连接位置的逻辑状态

LOGICSTATE 逻辑状态 用鼠标点击,可改变该方框连接位置的逻辑状态

LOGICTOGGLE 逻辑触发

MASTERSWITCH 按钮 手动闭合,立即自动打开

MOTOR 马达

OR 或门

POT-LIN 三引线可变电阻器

POWER 电源

RES 电阻

RESISTOR 电阻器

SWITCH 按钮 手动按一下一个状态

SWITCH-SPDT 二选通一按钮

VOLTMETER 伏特计

VOLTMETER-MILLI mV伏特计

VTERM 串行口终端

Electromechanical 电机

Inductors 变压器

Laplace Primitives 拉普拉斯变换

Memory Ics

Microprocessor Ics

Miscellaneous 各种器件 AERIAL-天线；ATAHDD；ATMEGA64；BATTERY；CELL；CRYSTAL-晶振；FUSE；METER-仪表；

Modelling Primitives 各种仿真器件 是典型的基本元器模拟，不表示具体型号，只用于仿真，没有PCB

Optoelectronics 各种发光器件 发光二极管，LED，液晶等等

PLDs & FPGAs

Resistors 各种电阻

Simulator Primitives 常用的器件

Speakers & Sounders

Switches & Relays 开关，继电器，键盘

Switching Devices 晶阊管

Transistors 晶体管（三极管，场效应管）

TTL 74 series

TTL 74ALS series

TTL 74AS series

TTL 74F series

TTL 74HC series

TTL 74HCT series

TTL 74LS series

TTL 74S series

Analog Ics 模拟电路集成芯片

Capacitors 电容集合

CMOS 4000 series

Connectors 排座，排插

Data Converters ADC,DAC

Debugging Tools 调试工具

ECL 10000 Series

------------------------------------------------------------

PROTEUS元件库元件名称及中英对照

AND 与门

ANTENNA 天线

BATTERY 直流电源

BELL 铃,钟

BVC 同轴电缆接插件

BRIDEG 1 整流桥(二极管)

BRIDEG 2 整流桥(集成块)

BUFFER 缓冲器

BUZZER 蜂鸣器

CAP 电容

CAPACITOR 电容

CAPACITOR POL 有极性电容

CAPVAR 可调电容

CIRCUIT BREAKER 熔断丝

COAX 同轴电缆

CON 插口

CRYSTAL 晶体整荡器

DB 并行插口

DIODE 二极管

DIODE SCHOTTKY 稳压二极管

DIODE VARACTOR 变容二极管

DPY_3-SEG 3段LED

DPY_7-SEG 7段LED

DPY_7-SEG_DP 7段LED(带小数点)

ELECTRO 电解电容

FUSE 熔断器

INDUCTOR 电感

INDUCTOR IRON 带铁芯电感

INDUCTOR3 可调电感

JFET N N沟道场效应管

JFET P P沟道场效应管

LAMP 灯泡

LAMP NEDN 起辉器

LED 发光二极管

METER 仪表

MICROPHONE 麦克风

MOSFET MOS管

MOTOR AC 交流电机

MOTOR SERVO 伺服电机

NAND 与非门

NOR 或非门

NOT 非门

NPN NPN三极管

NPN-PHOTO 感光三极管

OPAMP 运放

OR 或门

PHOTO 感光二极管

PNP 三极管

NPN DAR NPN三极管

PNP DAR PNP三极管

POT 滑线变阻器

PELAY-DPDT 双刀双掷继电器

RES1.2 电阻

RES3.4 可变电阻

RESISTOR BRIDGE ? 桥式电阻

RESPACK ? 电阻

SCR 晶闸管

PLUG ? 插头

PLUG AC FEMALE 三相交流插头

SOCKET ? 插座

SOURCE CURRENT 电流源

SOURCE VOLTAGE 电压源

SPEAKER 扬声器

SW ? 开关

SW-DPDY ? 双刀双掷开关

SW-SPST ? 单刀单掷开关

SW-PB 按钮

THERMISTOR 电热调节器

TRANS1 变压器

TRANS2 可调变压器

TRIAC ? 三端双向可控硅

TRIODE ? 三极真空管

VARISTOR 变阻器

ZENER ? 齐纳二极管

DPY_7-SEG_DP 数码管

SW-PB 开关

----------------------------------------------------------------------

PROTEUS原理图元器件库详细说明

Device.lib 包括电阻、电容、二极管、三极管和PCB的连接器符号 ACTIVE.LIB 包括虚拟仪器和有源器件

DIODE.LIB 包括二极管和整流桥

DISPLAY.LIB 包括LCD、LED

BIPOLAR.LIB 包括三极管

FET.LIB 包括场效应管

ASIMMDLS.LIB 包括模拟元器件

VALVES .LIB 包括电子管

ANALOG.LIB 包括电源调节器、运放和数据采样IC

CAPACITORS.LIB 包括电容

COMS.LIB 包括 4000系列

ECL.LIB 包括ECL10000系列

MICRO.LIB 包括 通用微处理器

OPAMP.LIB 包括 运算放大器

RESISTORS.LIB 包括 电阻

FAIRCHLD .LIB 包括FAIRCHLD 半导体公司的分立器件

LINTEC.LIB 包括 LINTEC公司的运算放大器

NATDAC.LIB 包括 国家半导体公司的数字采样器件

NATOA.LIB 包括 国家半导体公司 的运算放大器

TECOOR.LIB 包括TECOOR公司的 SCR 和TRIAC

TEXOAC.LIB 包括 德州仪器公司的运算放大器和比较器 ZETEX .LIB 包括ZETEX 公司的分立器件

篇三：Journal Title Abbreviations--SCI杂志标准简写

Journal Title Abbreviations

This list shows the abbreviations used for journal titles as cited works. Copy the abbreviated (boldface) title from this list and paste it in the Cited Work field on the Cited Reference Search page.

Use the cited work index to find additional abbreviations for journals, along with books and other publications. This index contains all of the cited works in Web of Science.

Click on a letter to move through the journal list alphabetically.

Journal List

A + U-ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM

A U-ARCHIT URBAN

A CRITICAL REVIEW: LASER TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEFENSE AND SECURITY

P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS

A N A E-APPROCHE NEUROPSYCHOLOGIQUE DES APPRENTISSAGES CHEZ L ENFANT

ANAE

A WAKE NEWSLITTER

WAKE NEWSL

AAA-ARBEITEN AUS ANGLISTIK UND AMERIKANISTIK

AAA-ARB ANGLIST AM

AAAS R&D BUDGET AND POLICY PROJECT

AAAS R&D B

AAAS SELECTED SYMPOSIA SERIES

AAAS SELECT

AACE BULLETIN

AACE BULL

AALL PUBLICATIONS SERIES

AALL PUBL S

AAPG BULLETIN

AAPG BULL

AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM

GEOLOGISTS

AAPG BULL

AAPG MEMOIRS

AAPG MEMOIR

AAPG STUDIES IN GEOLOGY

AAPG STUD GEOL

AAPS JOURNAL

AAPS J

AAPS PHARMSCI

AAPS PHARMSCI

AAPS PHARMSCITECH

AAPS PHARMSCITECH

AAS HISTORY SERIES

AAS HIST S

AASCU ISSUES

AASCU ISS

AATCC REVIEW

AATCC REV

AATCC SYMPOSIUM

AATCC SYMP

AAU REPORTS

AAU REPORTS

AAUP BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITY

PROFESSORS

AAUP B

AB INITIO SIMULATION OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS: HISTORY AND PROSPECTS - CONTRIBUTIONS IN HONOR OF CESARE PISANI

J PHYS CONF SER

ABA JOURNAL

ABA J

ABACUS-A JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS STUDIES

ABACUS-J ACCOUNT BUS

ABACUS-A JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING FINANCE AND BUSINESS STUDIES

ABACUS

ABACUS-NEW YORK

ABACUS-NEW YORK

ABBASID STUDIES

ORIENT LOVAN ANAL

ABC TRANSPORTERS: BIOCHEMICAL, CELLULAR, AND MOLECULAR ASPECTS

METHOD ENZYMOL

ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM: GENETICS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

ANN NY ACAD SCI

ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM: GENETICS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

ANN NY ACAD SCI

ABDOMINAL IMAGING

ABDOM IMAGING

ABEL SYMPOSIA

ABEL SYMP

ABELIAN GROUPS

LECT NOTES PURE APPL

ABELIAN GROUPS AND MODULES

LECT NOTES PURE APPL

ABELIAN GROUPS AND MODULES

MATH APPL

ABELIAN GROUPS AND MODULES

TRENDS MATH

ABELIAN GROUPS, MODULE THEORY, AND TOPOLOGY

LECT NOTES PURE APPL

ABELIAN GROUPS, RINGS, MODULES, AND HOMOLOGICAL ALGEBRA

MG TXB PUR APPL MATH

ABHANDLUNGEN AUS DEM MATHEMATISCHEN SEMINAR DER UNIVERSITAT HAMBURG

ABH MATH SEM HAMBURG

ABHANDLUNGEN DES NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN VEREINS IN HAMBURG, NF

ABH NAT VER

ABJECTION, MELANCHOLIA, AND LOVE

WARW ST PHL

ABNORMAL CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT AND EPILEPSY: FROM BASIC TO CLINICAL SCIENCE

MARIANI F P

ABNORMAL PRESSURES IN HYDROCARBON ENVIRONMENTS

AAPG MEMOIR

ABORIGINAL JUSTICE ISSUES

AIC CONF P

ABOUT DEPRESSION

CONFR PSYCH

ABOUT THE HOUSE

ABOUT HOUSE

ABRAHAM KUENEN 1828-1891 : HIS MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT

OLD TEST ST

ABRASIVE ENGINEERING

ABRASIVE ENG

ABSTRACT AND APPLIED ANALYSIS

ABSTR APPL ANAL

ABSTRACT HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF CONTINOUS WAVELET TRANSFORMS

LECT NOTES MATH

ABSTRACT MACHINE MODELS FOR PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED

COMPUTING

CONCUR SYST ENGN SER

ABSTRACT STATE MACHINES 2003: ADVANCES IN THEORY AND PRACTIC, PROCEEDINGS

LECT NOTES COMPUT SC

ABSTRACT STATE MACHINES 2004: ADVANCES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE, PROCEEDINGS

LECT NOTES COMPUT SC

ABSTRACT STATE MACHINES, B AND Z, PROCEEDINGS

LECT NOTES COMPUT SC

ABSTRACTION, REFORMULATION AND APPROXIMATION,

PROCEEDINGS

LECT NOTES ARTIF INT

ABSTRACTION, REFORMULATION, AND APPROXIMATION,

PROCEEDINGS

LECT NOTES ARTIF INT

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S

ABUNDANCE PROFILES: DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR GALAXY HISTORY

ASTR SOC P

ACA ARTS RESEARCH SEMINAR SERIES

ACA ART R S

ACACIA IN SENEGAL

COLLOQ SEMI

ACADEME-BULLETIN OF THE AAUP

ACADEME

ACADEMIA STUDIES IN ASIAN ECONOMICS

ACAD STUD ASIAN ECON

ACADEMIA-REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE ADMINISTRACION

ACAD-REV LATINOAM AD

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE

ACAD EMERG MED

ACADEMIC MEDICINE

ACAD MED

ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY

ACAD PSYCHIATR

ACADEMIC PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN

ACAD PSYCHOL B

ACADEMIC RADIOLOGY

ACAD RADIOL

ACADEMIC THERAPY

ACAD THER

ACADEMIE SERBE DES SCIENCES ET DES ARTS BULLETIN, TOME CXV: CLASSE DES SCIENCES MATHEMATIQUES ET NATURELLES,

SCIENCES NATURELLES NO 37

SERB AC B

ACADEMY OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SERIES

ACAD INT BUS SERIES

ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT EXECUTIVE

ACAD MANAGE EXEC

ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT JOURNAL

ACAD MANAGE J

ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT LEARNING & EDUCATION

ACAD MANAG LEARN EDU

ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES

ACAD MANAGE PERSPECT

ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT REVIEW

ACAD MANAGE REV

ACADIENSIS

ACADIENSIS

ACAROLOGIA

ACAROLOGIA

ACC: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2005 AMERICAN CONTROL

CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-7

P AMER CONTR CONF

ACCADEMIA NAZIONALE VIRGILIANA DI SCIENZE LETTERE E ARTI - MISCELLANA

ACCAD NAZ VIRG SCI M

ACCADEMIA TOSCANA DI SCIENCE E LETTERE "LA COLOMBARIA" STUDIES

ACAD TOSC S

ACCELERATED AND OUTDOOR DURABILITY TESTING OF ORGANIC MATERIALS

AM SOC TEST MATER

ACCELERATION AND HEATING IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE

ADV SPACE RES

ACCELERATION AND TRANSPORT OF ENERGETIC PARTICLES OBSERVED IN THE HELIOSPHERE

AIP CONF PROC

ACCELERATOR DRIVEN SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION AND WASTE INCINERATION: PHYSICS, DESIGN AND RELATED NUCLEAR DATA

ICTP LECT NOTES

ACCELERATOR INSTRUMENTATION

AIP CONF PROC

ACCELERATOR INSTRUMENTATION /

AIP CONF PROC

ACCELERATOR INSTRUMENTATION //

篇四：部分英文期刊的缩写与全名对照表

? 部分英文期刊的缩写与全名对照表

生物谷网站Journal Abreviations

A

Acta Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biochimica and Biophysica

Acta Bot. Neerl. Acta Botanica Neerlandica

Adv. Agron. Advances in Agronomy

Adv. Bot. Res. Advances in Botanical Research

Agric. Biol. Chem. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry

Agric. Res. Agricultural Research

Agron. J. Agronomy Journal

Allelopathy J. Allelopathy Journal

Am. J. Bot. American Journal of Botany

Anal. Biochem. Analytical Biochemistry

Anal. Chem. Analytical Chemistry

Ann. Appl. Biol. Annals of Applied Biology

Ann. Bot. Annals of Botany

Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. Annual Review Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology

Arch. Biochem. Biophys. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

Aust. J. Bot. Australian Journal of Botany

Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture

Aust. J. Plant Physiol. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology

B

Biochem.Biophys. Res. Commu. Biochemistry Biophysics and Reserach Communications

Biochem. J. Biochemical Journal

Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biochimica and Biophysica Acta

Biol. Plant. Biologia Plantarum

Bios. Biotechnol. Biochem. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry

Bot. Gaz. Botanical Gazette

Bot. Mag. Botanical Magazyne

Bot. Rev. Botanical Review

Braz. Arch. Bio. Technol. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology C

Can. J. Biochem. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry

Can. J. Bot. Canadian Journal of Botany

Can. J. Plant Sci. Canadian Journal of Plant Science

Cereal Chem. Cereal Chemistry

Ciênc. Cult. Ciência e Cultura

Commun. Soil Sci. Plant. Anal. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis

Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

Crop Prot. Crop Protection

Crop Sci. Crop Science

Curr. Adv. Plant Sci. Current Advances in Plant Science

Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. Current Opinion in Plant Biology

E

Econ. Bot. Economic Botany

Environ. Exp. Bot. Environmental and Experimental Botany

Eur. J. Biochem. European Journal of Biochemistry

Eur. J. Plant Pathol. European Journal of Plant Pathology

Exp. Agric. Experimental Agriculture

F

FEBS Lett. FEBS Letters

FEMS Microbiol. Lett. FEMS Microbiology Letters

Field Crops Res. Field Crops Research

Fitopatol. Bras. Fitopatologia Brasileira

Food Chem. Food Chemistry

H

Hortic. Res. Horticultural Research

Hortic. Rev. Horticultural Reviews

Hortic. Sci. Horticultural Science

I

Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. Internatonal Journal of Food Science and Technology Int. J. Plant Sci. International Journal of Plant Science

J

J. Agric. Food Chem. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

J. Agric. Sci. Journal of Agricultural Science

J. Agron. Crop. Sci. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science

J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science J. Anal. Chem. Journal of Analytical Chemistry

J. Biochem. Journal of Biochemistry

J. Biol. Chem. Journal of Biological Chemistry

J. Chem. Ecol. Journal of Chemical Ecology

J. Chromatogr. Journal of Chromatography

J. Chromatogr. Biomed. Appl. Journal of Chromatography Biomedical Applications

J. Chromatogr. Sci. Journal of Chromatographic Science

J. Environ. Biol. J. Environmental Biology

J. Ethnopharmacol. J. Ethnopharmacology

J. Exp. Biol. Journal of Experimental Biology

J. Exp. Bot. Journal of Experimental Botany

J. Food Sci. Journal of Food Science

J. Gen. Microbiol. Journal of General Microbiology

J. Hortic. Sci. Journal of Horticultural Science

J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology J. Nematol. Journal of Nematology

J. Photochem. Photobiol. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology J. Phytopathol. J. Phytopathology

J. Plant Growth Regul. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation

J. Plant Nutr. Journal of Plant Nutrition

J. Plant Physiol. Journal of Plant Physiology

J. Plant Res. Journal of Plant Research

J. Sci. Food Agric. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture

J. Soil Sci. Journal of Soil Science

J. Trop. Ecol. Journal of Tropical Ecology

J. Veg. Sci. Journal of Vegetation Science

J. Virol.. Journal of Virology

M

Methods Enzymol. Methods in Enzymology

Mol. Plant-Microbe Interac. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions

N

New Phytol. New Phytologist

Nematol. Bras. Nematologia Brasileira

Nematol. Mediterr. Nematologia Mediterranea

P

Pesq. Agrop. Bras. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira

Photochem. Photobiol. Photochemistry and Photobiology

Photosynth. Res. Photosynthesis Research

Physiol. Plant Path. Physiological Plant Pathology

Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology Physiol. Plant. Physiologia Plantarum

Plant Biol. Plant Biology

Plant Cell Plant Cell

Plant Cell Environ. Plant and Cell Environment

Plant Cell Physiol. Plant and Cell Physiology

Plant Cell Rep. Plant Cell Reports

Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture

Plant Dis. Plant Disease

Plant Dis. Rep. Plant Disease Reporter

Plant Ecol. Plant Ecology

Plant Growth Regul. Plant Growth Regulation

Plant J. Plant Journal

Plant Mol. Biol. Plant Molecular Biology

Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter

Plant Pathol. Plant Pathology

Plant Physiol. Plant Physiology

Plant Physiol. Biochem. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

Plant Sci. Plant Science

Plant Soil Plant and Soil

Postharvest Biol. Technol. Postharvest Biology and Technology

Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of USA

R

Rev. Bras. Bot. Revista Brasileira de Botanica

Rev. Bras. Fisiol. Veg. Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal

Russian J. Nematol. Russian Journal of Nematology

Russian J. Plant Physiol. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology

S

Sci. Agricola Scientia Agricola

Sci. Hortic. Scientia Horticulturae

Seed Sci. Res. Seed Science Research

Seed Sci. Technol. Seed Science and Technology

Soil Biol. Biochem. Soil Biology and Biochemistry

Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

T

Trees – Struct. Funct Trees – Structure and Function

Tree Physiol. Tree Physiology

Trends Plant Sci. Trends in Plant Science

Trop. Agric. Tropical Agriculture

篇五：中英文介绍美国

中英文介绍美国

美国[UnitedStates]正式名称美利坚合众国。

北美洲联邦共和国。领土包括美洲大陆中纬度地区48个连成一片的州、北美洲西北端的阿拉斯加州，以及太平洋中部的岛州夏威夷。面积：(包括五大湖)9,529,063平方千米。人口：约286,067,000(2001)。

首都：华盛顿特区。人口包括白人、非洲裔美国人、西班牙裔美国人、亚洲人、太平洋岛民、美洲印第安人(美洲土著)、爱斯基摩人及阿留申人。语言：英语(主要语言)、西班牙语。宗教：新教、天主教、犹太教和伊斯兰教。货币：美元。地形由山脉、平原、低地和沙漠构成。山脉包括阿巴拉契亚山脉、欧扎克山、落基山脉、喀斯喀特山脉和内华达山脉。最低点是加利福尼亚州的死谷。最高点是阿拉斯加山脉的麦金利山，而在美国本土，最高点则是惠特尼山。主要河流是密西西比河系、科罗拉多河、哥伦比亚河和格兰德河。五大湖、大盐湖和奥基乔比湖为几个最大的湖。美国是世界某些矿产的主要生产国，包括铜、银、锌、金、煤、石油和天然气；也是食品的主要输出国。制造业包括钢铁产品、化学制品、电子产品和纺织品。

其他重要行业为旅游业、奶制品业、畜牧业、渔业和木材加工业。美国是两院制共和国。总统为国家元首和政府首脑。数千年以前已有一些美洲印第安人定居在这块领土，他们可能是来自亚洲。16世纪欧洲人来此探险和定居，开始取代印第安人。第一个欧洲人永久居民点是由西班牙人于1565年在佛罗里达州建立的圣奥古斯丁，后来英国人在弗吉尼亚州詹姆斯敦(1607)、马萨诸塞州普里茅斯(1620)、马里兰州(1634)

和宾夕法尼亚州(1681)建立定居点。在卡罗来纳被授予英国贵族一年后，1664年英国人从荷兰人手中夺走纽约、新泽西和德拉瓦。英国人于1763年击败法国人(参阅法英北美殖民地争夺战[FrenchandIndianWar])，在政治上控制了13个殖民地。英国殖民政策引起的政治动乱，以美国独立战争(1775～1783)和《独立宣言》(1776)而告结束。美国在《邦联条例》(1781)下首次组织起来，终于通过宪法(1787)成为联邦共和国。随后确认了西至密西西比河的美国疆界，但并不包括西班牙的属地佛罗里达。通过1803年的路易斯安那购地，美国从法国人手中购得的土地使美国领土几乎增加一倍。美国在1812年战争中与英国开战，1819年从西班牙人手中夺得佛罗里达。1830年通过立法手段将美洲印第安人迁移到密西西比河以西的土地。19世纪中叶开始向西部扩张，特别是1848年在加利福尼亚州发现金矿以后(参阅淘金热[goldrush])。

美国在墨西哥战争(1846～1848)中取得的胜利，使后来的7个州(包括加利福尼亚和得克萨斯)的部分或全部领土并入美国。1846年美国与英国签订条约确立其西北部疆界，在1853年加兹登购地中又获得亚利桑那州南部的土地。后来南方蓄奴的种植园经济和北方自由的工业与农业经济之间存在的矛盾冲突使美国分裂，爆发了南北战争(1861～1865，参阅美国南北战争[AmericanCivilWar])。第十三条宪法修正案废除了奴隶制。重建时期(1865～1877)以后，美国经历了快速发展、都市化、工业开发和欧洲移民。1877年美国准许把印第安人保留地的土地分给个别部落成员，致使大片土地落入白人手中。到19世纪末，美国的外贸得到发展并获得海外领土，包括阿拉斯加、中途岛、夏威夷群岛、菲律宾群岛、波多黎各、关岛、威克岛、美属萨摩亚、巴拿马运河区和维尔京群岛。1917～1918年美国参加了第一次世界大战。1920年给予妇女选举权；1924年给予美洲印第安人公民权。1929年的股市崩溃导致大萧条。日本人偷袭珍珠港(1941-12-07)

之后美国加入第二次世界大战。美国在日本广岛投下第一颗原子弹(1945-08-06)，在长崎投下第二颗原子弹(1945-08-09)，导致这场战争结束，并使美国成为西方世界的领袖。美国参与了欧洲和日本的战后重建工作，但却陷入与苏联长达40年的冷战对抗。美国参加了朝鲜战争。1952年给予波多黎各自治地位。1954年宣布在美国学校中实行的种族隔离违反了美国宪法。1959年阿拉斯加和夏威夷成为美国的两个州。1964年国会通过《民权法》，并授权全面干预越南战争。20世纪60年代中至末期美国国内各地发生骚乱，包括种族暴乱和反战示威。1969年美国完成首次人类登陆月球。1973年美军全部撤出越南。在波斯湾战争(1991)中，美国领导联军攻打伊拉克。1992年派兵到索马里救援饥民。1995年和1999年加入北大西洋公约组织空袭前南斯拉夫的塞尔维亚军队。1998年W.J.克林顿总统成为第二个要被美国众议院弹劾的总统；1999年他被参议院宣布无罪。1999年巴拿马运河的管理移交给了巴拿马。2000年G.W.布什成为1888年以来尽管获得的选票略低于对手A.戈尔，但仍被总统选举团选为总统的第一人。2001年9月11日恐怖分子的攻击摧毁了世界贸易中心和五角大楼的部分建筑以后，美国以藏匿并拒绝引渡此次恐怖活动的策划嫌疑本·拉登为由，派兵向阿富汗的塔利班政府发动进攻。

UnitedStatesofficiallyUnitedStatesofAmericaFederalrepublic,NorthAmerica.Itcomprises48contiguousstatesoccupyingthemid-continent,AlaskaatthenorthwesternextremeofNorthAmerica,andtheislandstateofHawaiiinthemid-PacificOcean.Area,includingtheU.S.shareoftheGreatLakes：

3,675,031sqmi(9,518,287sqkm).Population(2002est.)：

287,602,000.Capital：

Washington,D.C.ThepopulationincludespeopleofEuropeanandMiddleEasternancestry,AfricanAmericans,Hispanics,Asians,PacificIslanders,AmericanIndians(NativeAmericans),andAlaskaNatives.Languages：

English(predominant),Spanish.Religions：

Protestantism,RomanCatholicism,Judaism,Islam.Currency：

U.S.dollar.Thecountry'sregionsencompassmountains,plains,lowlands,anddeserts.MountainrangesincludetheAppalachians,Ozarks,Rockies,Cascades,andSierraNevada.ThelowestpointisDeathValley,Calif.ThehighestpointisAlaska'sMountMcKinley;withinthecoterminousU.S.itisMountWhitney,Calif.ChiefriversaretheMississippisystem,theColorado,theColumbia,andtheRioGrande.TheGreatLakes,theGreatSaltLake,andLakeOkeechobeearethelargestlakes.TheU.S.isamongtheworld'sleadingproducersofseveralminerals,includingcopper,silver,zinc,gold,coal,petroleum,andnaturalgas;itisthechiefexporteroffood.Itsmanufacturesincludeironandsteel,chemicals,electronicequipment,andtextiles.Otherimportantindustriesaretourism,dairying,livestockraising,fishing,andlumbering.TheU.S.isarepublicwithtwolegislativehouses;itsheadofstateandgovernmentisthepresident.TheterritorywasoriginallyinhabitedforseveralthousandyearsbynumerousAmericanIndianpeopleswhohadprobablyemigratedfromAsia.Europeanexplorationandsettlementfromthe16thcenturybegandisplacementoftheIndians.ThefirstpermanentEuropeansettlement,bytheSpanish,wasatSaintAugustine,Fla.,in1565;theBritishsettledJamestown,Va.(1607);Plymouth,Mass.(1620);Maryland(1634);andPennsy

lvania(1681).TheBritishtookNewYork,NewJersey,andDelawarefromtheDutchin1664,ayearaftertheCarolinashadbeengrantedtoBritishnoblemen.TheBritishdefeatoftheFrenchin1763(seeFrenchandIndianWar)

assuredBritishpoliticalcontroloverits13colonies.PoliticalunrestcausedbyBritishcolonialpolicyculminatedintheAmericanRevolution(1775–83)

andtheDeclarationofIndependence(1776).TheU.S.wasfirstorganizedundertheArticlesofConfederation(1781),thenfinallyundertheConstitution(1787)

asafederalrepublic.BoundariesextendedwesttotheMississippiRiver,excludingSpanishFlorida.LandacquiredfromFrancebytheLouisianaPurchase(1803)

nearlydoubledthecountry'sterritory.TheU.S.foughttheWarof1812againsttheBritishandacquiredFloridafromSpainin1819.In1830itlegalizedremovalofAmericanIndianstolandswestoftheMississippiRiver.SettlementexpandedintotheFarWestinthemid-19thcentury,especiallyafterthediscoveryofgoldinCaliforniain1848(seegoldrush).VictoryintheMexicanWar(1846–48)

broughttheterritoryofsevenmorefuturestates(includingCaliforniaandTexas)

intoU.S.hands.ThenorthwesternboundarywasestablishedbytreatywithGreatBritainin1846.TheU.S.acquiredsouthernArizonabytheGadsdenPurchase(1853).Itsuffereddisunityduringtheconflictbetweentheslavery-basedplantationeconomyintheSouthandthefreeindustrialandagriculturaleconomyintheNorth,culminatingintheAmericanCivilWarandtheabolitionofslaveryunderthe13thAmendment.AfterReconstruction(1865–77)

theU.S.experiencedrapidgrowth,urbanization,industrialdevelopment,andEuropeanimmigration.In1877itauthorizedallotmentofAmericanIndianreservationlandtoindividualtribesmen,resultinginwidespreadlossoflandtowhites.Bytheendofthe19thcentury,ithaddevelopedforeigntradeandacquiredoutlyingterritories,includingAlaska,MidwayIsland,theHawaiianIslands,thePhilippines,PuertoRico,Guam,WakeIsland,AmericanSamoa,thePanamaCanalZone,andtheVirginIslands.TheU.S.part(来自:WwW.smhaida.Com 海达 范文 网:theu,s,的全称)icipatedinWorldWarIin1917–18.Itgrantedsuffragetowomenin1920andcitizenshiptoAmericanIndiansin1924.Thestockmarketcrashof1929ledtotheGreatDepression.TheU.S.enteredWorldWarIIaftertheJapanesebombingofPearlHarbor(Dec.7,1941).TheexplosionbytheU.S.ofanatomicbombonHiroshima(Aug.6,1945)

andanotheronNagasaki(Aug.9,1945),Japan,broughtaboutJapan'ssurrender.ThereaftertheU.S.wasthemilitaryandeconomicleaderoftheWesternworld.Inthefirstdecadeafterthewar,itaidedthereconstructionofEuropeandJapanandbecameembroiledinarivalrywiththeSovietUnionknownastheColdWar.ItparticipatedintheKoreanWarfrom1950to1953.In1952itgrantedautonomouscommonwealthstatustoPuertoRico.Racialsegregationinschoolswasdeclaredunconstitutionalin1954.AlaskaandHawaiiweremadestatesin1959.In1964CongresspassedtheCivilRightsActandauthorizedU.S.entryintotheVietnamWar.Themid-tol

ate1960sweremarkedbywidespreadcivildisorder,includingraceriotsandantiwardemonstrations.TheU.S.accomplishedthefirstmannedlunarlandingin1969.AllU.S.troopswerewithdrawnfromVietnamin1973.TheU.S.ledacoalitionofforcesagainstIraqintheFirstPersianGulfWar(1991),senttroopstoSomalia(1992)

toaidstarvingpopulations,andparticipatedinNATOairstrikesagainstSerbianforcesintheformerYugoslaviain1995and1999.In1998Pres.BillClintonbecameonlythesecondpresidenttobeimpeachedbytheHouseofRepresentatives;hewasacquittedbytheSenatein1999.AdministrationofthePanamaCanalwasturnedovertoPanamain1999.In2000GeorgeW.Bushbecamethefirstpersonsince1888tobeelectedpresidentbytheelectoralcollegedespitehavingwonfewerpopularvotesthanhisopponent,AlGore.AftertheSeptember11attacksontheU.S.in2001destroyedtheWorldTradeCenterandpartofthePentagon,theU.S.attackedAfghanistan'sTalibangovernmentforharbouringandrefusingtoextraditethemastermindoftheterrorism,OsamabinLaden.

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