英文诗歌写作技巧
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篇一:英文诗歌赏析技巧
英文诗歌赏析技巧
Appreciation of English Poetry
诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐,用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想,运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法,形成了独特的语言艺术。
英诗浩如烟海,篇幅长短不一。为使大家了解英诗,并能欣赏,请大家学习以下四个方面的内容:诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。
一、 诗的格律
格律是是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式,也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬(重),非重读音节为抑(轻),音步之间可用“/”隔开。以下是五种常见格式: 1.抑扬格(轻重格)Iambus:是最常见的一种格式,每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,
So deep / in luve / am I :
And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,
Till a` / the seas / gang dry:
注: art=are thou=you luve=love thee[thou的宾格] bonnie=beautifl a`=all gang=go
上例中为四音步与三音步交叉。
2.扬抑格(重轻格)Trochee:每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。
下例中为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节)。
Tiger!/ Tiger!/ burning / bright
In the / forests / of the / night
3. 抑抑扬格(轻轻重格)Anapaestic foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如:三音步抑抑扬格
Like a child / from the womb,
Like a ghost / from the tomb,
I arise / and unbuild / it again.
4. 扬抑抑格(重轻轻格)Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如:两音步扬抑抑格
ˊTouch her not / scornfully,
ˊThink of her / mournfully.
5.抑扬抑格(轻重轻格)Amphibrach:每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如:三音步抑扬抑格)
下例中双音步为抑扬格。
O hush thee / my baby / thy sire was / a knight.
在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律,格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。
二、 诗的押韵
押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。
1. 尾韵:最常见,最重要的押韵方式。
1) 联韵:aabb型。
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where;
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
2) 交叉韵:abab型。
Sunset and evening star,
And one clear call for me!
And may there be no moaning of the bar,
When I put out to sea,
3)同韵:有的诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。如下例就共用/i:p/为韵脚。
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
2.头韵:是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。下例中运用/f/、/b/与/s/头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free,
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
3.内韵(同元音):指词与词之间元音的重复形成的内部押韵。
下面一节诗中/i/及/iη/重复照应,呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。 Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing:
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
三、 诗的体式
有的诗分成几节(stanza),每节由若干诗行组成(每行诗均以大写字母开头);有的诗则不分节。目前我们常见的诗体有:
1. 十四行诗 (Sonnet),源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提问,后六行回答。
后来,怀亚特(Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542)将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬格,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问,后二句结论。
斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser,1552-1599)用韵脚 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚(William Shakespeare,1564-1616)用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,称英国式或莎士比亚式。
Sonnet 60
Like as the waves make towards the pibbled shore,
So do our minutes hasten to their end;
Each changing place with that which goes before,
In sequent toil all forwards do contend,
Nativity, once in the main of light,
Crawls to maturity, wherewith being crowned,
Crooked eclipses against his glory fight,
And time that gave doth now his gift confound.
Time doth transfix the flourish set on youth
And delves the parallels in beauty’s brow,
Feeds on the rarities but for his scythe to move.
And nothing stands but for his scythe to move.
And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand,
Praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand.
Notes:
1. pibbled : pebbled 铺着卵石的
2.In sequent toil all forwards do contend: Toiling and following each othe, the waves struggle to press forward. 波浪前推后涌,一个个在奋勇争先。此处是比喻,指时光不停息地流逝。
3.in the main of light: 光明的金海
4.crawls: 爬行
5.crooked eclipses: 凶恶的日蚀
6.transfix the flourish set on youth: remove the embellishment on the face of the youth.戳破了青春面颊上的光华(指时间)。
7. delves the paralles: dig the paralledl furrows (wrinkles):挖下沉陷的战壕(比喻用法,即时间在人的交前额上流下深深的皱纹)
8.scythe to mow: 镰刀的收割(比喻用法,意指光阴的无情流逝)
9. times in hope: future times 未来,将来,
1. 像波浪滔不息地滚向沙滩
2.我们的光阴息息奔赴着终点;
3.后浪和前浪不断地循环替换,
4.前推后拥,一个个在奋勇争先。
5.生辰,一度涌现于光明的金海,
6.爬行到壮年,然后,既登上极顶,
7.凶冥的日蚀便遮没它的光彩,
8.时光又撕毁了它从前的赠品。
9.时光戳破了青春颊上的光艳,
10.在美的前额挖下深陷的战壕,
11.自然的至珍都被它肆意狂喊,
12.一切挺立的都难逃它的镰刀:
13.可是我的诗未来将屹立千古,
14.歌颂你的美德,不管它多残酷!
这首诗的主题是时间的无
情,以及诗歌的不朽和永恒。诗人一开始便以生动的视觉意象为比喻,吸引了读者的注意力。诗人除了用大海波浪的滚滚向前比喻人生时光的无情流淌,生生不息外,还用了太阳的金光被日蚀遮住作比喻,说明时光无情消亡,一切美好的东西和青春都不会永远停留,而会随时间的流逝而迅速消逝。(delves the .... )这句,比喻时间会使青春美貌老去。这个比喻乍一听有点夸张,太虚张声势或小题大做,实际上这正与诗的崇高严肃的主题相和谐,显示出时间强大的破坏力。第2行,诗人又用了第三个意象来比喻时间:时间的流逝就像镰刀的收割。最后这两个不太温柔的比喻都暗示了时间的无情和残忍,生动之极。像通常十四行诗的最后现行一样,诗人在最后做了结论:时间残酷,但他的诗将屹立千古,歌颂“你”的美德。这首诗的最后的“你”,颇令人疑惑。照一些批评家的猜测,莎士比亚的十四行诗或者是献给一个英俊的独身青年,或者是给一们黝黑的美丽女士。这首诗的“你”到底是谁,让人费思量。
2.打油诗(Limericks):通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,一般没有标题也无作者姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,常运用双关,内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行,押韵为aabba,格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。
There was a young lady of Nigger
Who smiled as she rode on a tiger;
They returned from the ride
With the lady inside,
And the smile on the face of the tiger.
3. 无韵体(Blank Verse):五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体。
Across the watery bale , and shout again,
Responsive to his call, -- with quivering peals,
And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud.
Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wild
Of jocund din!…
4. 自由诗(Free Verse):现代诗中常见的体式,长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中,不讲究押韵与格律,只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人Walt Whitman的<<草叶集>>(Leaves of Grass)中,就采用此格式。 四、 诗的评判
对一首诗,个人的感受会有不同。节奏流畅,语言精炼,联想新颖的诗可算是好诗。堆砌词藻,一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗,只能是下乘的诗。
二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体,接近口语,可谓大胆创新,大概也是诗歌发展的大势所趋吧。
请把下面的中文诗歌译成英文:
美丽的心灵
夜,很美,
正如人们的脸。
星星,很美,
正如人们的眼。
太阳也很美,
犹如人们美丽的心灵。
Souls of My People
The night is beautiful,
So the faces of my people.
The stars are beautiful,
So the eyes of my people.
Beautiful, also is the sun,
Beautiful, also, are the souls of my people.
请把下面的英文诗译成中文:
Time
To realize the valve of ONE EYEAR
ask the student who has failed a class.
To realize the value of ONE MONTH,
ask a mother who gave birth to a premature baby.
To realize the value of ONE WEEK,
ask the editor of a weekly newspaper.
To realize the value of ONE HOUR,
ask the lovers who are waiting to meet.
To realize the value of ONE MINUTE,
ask a person who missed the train.
To realize the value of ONE SECOND,
ask a person who just avoided an accident.
To realize the value of ONE MILLISECOND,
ask the person who won a silver medal in the Olympics.
Treasure every moment that you have!
Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is mystery.
Today is a gift. That\’s why it\’s called the present!!
《斯卡布罗集市/颂歌》(Scarborough Fair/ Canticle)原是一首古老的英国民歌,其起源可一直追溯到中世纪。后来英国民歌手马汀"卡西(Martin Carthy)在原歌的基础上加进了自己的再创造,把它变成了一首非常优美的爱情歌曲。西蒙在英国时从卡西那里学会了这首歌。他又再创造性地把自己写的一首反战歌曲《山坡上》(The Side Of A Hill)作为副歌和这首歌混在一起,用对比的手法表达了对和平的渴望。(括号内是的《颂歌》的歌词):
《Scarborough Fair》诗经体译词如下(英中对照)
英文原歌词 诗经体的格式歌词
Scarborough Fair 《斯卡布罗集市》
Are you going to Scarborough Fair 问尔所之,是否如适
Parsely sage rosemary and thyme 蕙兰芫荽,郁郁香芷
Remember me to one who lives there 彼方淑女,凭君寄辞
She once was a true love of mine 伊人曾在,与我相知
篇二:如何欣赏英文诗歌
如何欣赏英文诗歌
诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐,用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想,运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法,形成了独特的语言艺术。欣赏英文诗歌和学习英语语言,是相辅相成的。在欣赏英文诗歌时,我们可以从诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判等方面来考虑。
一、 诗的格律
“格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”,是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式,也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬(重),在音节上用“-”或“ˊ”标示,非重读音节为抑(轻),在音节上用“︶”标示,音步之间可用“/”隔开。以下是五种常见格式:
1. 抑扬格(轻重格)Iambus:是最常见的一种格式,每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,
So deep / in luve / am I :
And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,
Till a` / the seas / gang dry:
Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose 注;art=areluve=lovebonnie=beautifula`=allgang=go
上例中为四音步与三音步交叉,可标示为:︶-/︶-/︶-/()-/
2.扬抑格(重轻格)Trochee:每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。
下例中为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节),可标示为:-︶/-︶/-︶/-
Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright
In the / forests / of the / night
---William Blake: The Tyger
3. 抑抑扬格(轻轻重格)Anapaestic foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如:三音步抑抑扬格︶︶-/︶︶-/︶︶-
Like a child / from the womb,
Like a ghost / from the tomb,
I arise / and unbuild / it again
4. 扬抑抑格(重轻轻格)Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如:两音步扬抑抑格-︶︶/-︶︶ ˊTouch her not / ˊscornfully,
ˊThink of her / ˊmournfully.
-- Thomas Hood
5. 抑扬抑格(轻重轻格)Amphibrach:每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如:三音步抑扬抑格︶-︶/︶-︶/︶-︶
下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。
O ˊhush thee / my ˊbabie / thy ˊsire was / a knight.
在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律,格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。
二、 诗的押韵
押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。
1. 尾韵:最常见,最重要的押韵方式。
1)联韵:aabb型。
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where;
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
---Hey Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song
2) 交叉韵:abab型。
Sunset and evening star,
And one clear call for me!
And may there be no moaning of the bar,
When I put out to sea,
---Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar
3) 同韵:有的诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。
如下例就共用/i:p/为韵脚。
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
---Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
2. 头韵:是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。下例中运用/f/、/b/与/s/头韵,生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free,
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
---T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Acient Mariner
3.内韵(同元音):指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。 下面一节诗中/i/及/iη/重复照应,呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing:
Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!
---Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring
三、 诗的体式
有的诗分成几节(stanza),每节由若干诗行组成(每行诗均以大写字母开头);有的诗则不分节。目前常见的英文诗体有:
1. 十四行诗 (Sonnet),源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提问,后六行回答。
后来,怀亚特(Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542)将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬格,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问,后二句结论。斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser,1552-1599)用韵脚 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚(William Shakespeare,1564-1616)用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,称英国式或莎士比亚式。举例见本文第四部分。
2. 打油诗(Limericks):通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,一般没有标题也无作者姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,常运用双关,内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行,押韵为aabba,格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。
1) There was a young lady of Nigger
Who smiled as she rode on a tiger;
They returned from the ride
With the lady inside,
And the smile on the face of the tiger.
2) A tutor who taught on the flute
Tried to teach two tooters to toot,
篇三:英文诗歌赏析方法
英文诗歌赏析方法
英诗的欣赏:诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。
诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐,用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想,运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法,形成了独特的语言艺术。
一、 诗的格律
“格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”,是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式,也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬(重),在音节上用“-”或“?”标示,非重读音节为抑(轻),在音节上用“?”标示,音步之间可用“/”隔开。以下是五种常见格式:
1. 抑扬格(轻重格)Iambus:是最常见的一种格式,每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,
So deep / in luve / am I :
And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, Till a` / the seas / gang dry:
Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose
注;art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go
上例中为四音步与三音步交叉,可标示为:?-/?-/?-/(?-)
2.扬抑格(重轻格)Trochee:每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。下例中为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节),可标示为:-?/-?/-?/-Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright
In the / forests / of the / night
William Blake: The Tyger
3. 抑抑扬格(轻轻重格)Anapaestic foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如:三音步抑抑扬格??-/??-/??-
Like a child / from the womb,
Like a ghost / from the tomb,
I arise / and unbuild / it again.
4. 扬抑抑格(重轻轻格)Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如:两音步扬抑抑格-??/-??
?Touch her not / ?scornfully,
?Think of her / ?mournfully.
- Thomas Hood
5. 抑扬抑格(轻重轻格)Amphibrach:每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如:三音步抑扬抑格?-?/?-?/?-?下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。
O ?hush thee / my ?babie / thy ?sire was / a knight.
在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律,格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。
二、 诗的押韵
押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。
1. 尾韵:最常见,最重要的押韵方式。
1) 联韵:aabb型。
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where;
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
Hey Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song
2) 交叉韵:abab型。
Sunset and evening star,
And one clear call for me!
And may there be no moaning of the bar,
When I put out to sea,
Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar
3) 同韵:有的诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。
如下例就共用/i:p/为韵脚。
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
2. 头韵:是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。下例中运用/f/、/b/与/s/头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free,
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Acient Mariner
3.内韵(同元音):指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。
下面一节诗中/i/及/iη/重复照应,呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year?s pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing:
Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!
Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring
三、 诗的体式
有的诗分成几节(stanza),每节由若干诗行组成(每行诗均以大写字母开头);有的诗则不分节。目前我们常见的诗体有:
1. 十四行诗(Sonnet),源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提问,后六行回答。
后来,怀亚特(ThomasWyatt,1503-1542)将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬格,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问,后二句结论。斯宾塞(EdmundSpenser,1552-1599)用韵
脚 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee.莎士比亚(WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616)用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,称英国式或莎士比亚式。举例见本文第四部分。
2. 打油诗(Limericks):通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,一般没有标题也无作者姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,常运用双关,内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行,押韵为aabba,格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。
1) There was a young lady of Nigger
Who smiled as she rode on a tiger;
They returned from the ride
With the lady inside,
And the smile on the face of the tiger.
2) A tutor who taught on the flute
Tried to teach two tooters to toot,
“Is it harder to toot, or
Said the two to the tutor,
To tutor two tooters to toot?“
3. 无韵体(Blank Verse):五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体。
Across the watery bale , and shout again,
Responsive to his call, - with quivering peals,
And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud.
Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wild
Of jocund din!…
William Wordsworth: There Was a Boy
4. 自由诗(FreeVerse):现代诗中常见的体式,长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中,不讲究押韵与格律,只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人WaltWhitman的>(Leaves of Grass)中,就采用此格式。例子见第四部分。
四、 诗的评判
对一首诗,个人的感受会有不同。节奏流畅,语言精炼,联想新颖的诗可算是好诗。堆砌词藻,一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗,只能是下乘的诗。
二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体,接近口语,可谓大胆创新,大概也是诗歌发展的大势所趋吧。以下通过三首诗的分析看诗的评判。
1. That Time of Year
That time of year thou may?st in me behold
When yellow leaves,or none,or few, do hang
Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,
Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang,
In me thou see?st the twilight of such day
As after sunset fadeth in the west,
When by and by black night doth take away,
Death?s second self, that seals up all in rest.
In me thou see?st the glowing of such fire,
That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.
As the deathbed whereon it must expire,
Consumed with that which it was nourished by.
This you perceivest, which makes thy love more strong,
To love that well which thou must leave ere long.
Notes:may?st:may behold:see late:no long ago thou:you see?st:see
fadeth:fades doth:does seals up all at rest:彻底埋葬
thy:your perceivest: perceive ere long: before long
此诗是莎士比亚(William Shakespeare, 1564-1616)的一首十四行诗。作为英国文学巨匠,他以37部剧作和154首十四行诗屹立于世界文坛。
此诗为五音步抑扬格,每个诗行格律为:?-/?-/?-/?-/?-/。
全诗涉及衰老、死亡及爱情问题。前十二行:通过描写深秋的树枝黄叶凋零,曾是百鸟争鸣的歌坛,联想到自身青春会如夕阳消逝在远方,被黑夜吞没;自身的青春会如将尽的柴火奄奄一息,被曾滋养过它的火焰焚化。其中choirs(歌坛),deathbed(灵床)使用暗喻手法,同时又用夕阳和柴火象征人的衰老死亡。最后两行:点题,人们对即将永别的东西会更珍惜。本文动词变化具有明显的伊利沙白时代的特点。
2. The Daffodils
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o?er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the Milky Way,
They stretched in never-ending line
Along the margin of a bay:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance,
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
The waves beside them danced; but they
Outdid the sparkling waves in glee:
A poet could not but be gay,
In such a jocund company:
I gazed - and gazed - but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
Ans then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.
Notes: a crowd, a host of: many sprightly:happy glee:joy
jocund:happy bliss:complete happiness pensive:sadly thoughtful
华兹华斯(WilliamWordsworth,1770-1850),十九世纪初英格兰北部湖区三大“湖畔派诗人”(浪漫主义)之一。此诗向我们描绘了一幅美好的自然景象,同时抒发作者对自然美景的喜欢。黄水仙据说是威尔士国花(1282年,威尔士归顺英格兰,被封公国),在英国广泛栽种,春季开花,花期不长。有许多关于黄水仙的诗歌,这首诗无疑是脱颖而出的。
全诗语言精炼,通俗易懂,四音步抑扬格,分四节(stanza),每节6行,每节押韵均为ababcc.第一节写诗人孤寂时外出散步,偶遇水仙;第二节写水仙争相开放,千姿百态;第三节,诗人看到这景象感到欣喜异常;第四节写诗人在日后忧郁时,回想当时情景,又让他心中充满了欢乐,随着水仙跳起舞来。
3. Song of Myself
I celebrate myself, and sing myself,
And what I assume you shall assume,
For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.
I loafe and invite my soul,
I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.
My tongue, every atom of my blood, form?d from this soil, this air,
Born ere of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same,I, now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin,
Hoping to cease not till death.
Creeds and schools in abeyance,
Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten.
I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard.
Nature without check with original energy.
Notes: a spear of: a piece of school:学说,流派 hazard:chance
abeyance: the condition of not being in use for a certain time
惠特曼(Walt Whitman,1819-1892),美国诗人。此诗选自其巨著。本文是Song of Myself 一诗的第一部分,采用自由诗体,语言接近当时的美国口语。
文中I指作者,you指读者,这种写法使读者身临其境,进入作者描写的世界。作者在文中表明人的价值是平等的,同时他把自己融入到自然带给他的启发思考中。
从上看出,诗歌的欣赏评判并非可望而不可及,关键要抓住诗中的意象,了解其语义,以便把握诗的大意。纵然每个人的读后感会有不同,但每个人都会在阅读过程中感受到诗歌带来的美和精神上的共鸣。
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