直接语气,间接语气分别是什么意思,怎么把直接语气的句子改为间接语气的句子?
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直接语气,间接语气分别是什么意思,怎么把直接语气的句子改为间接语气的句子?
直接语气,间接语气分别是什么意思,怎么把直接语气的句子改为间接语气的句子?
直接语气,间接语气分别是什么意思,怎么把直接语气的句子改为间接语气的句子?
直接引语一般是以第一人称说的,而间接引语是以第三人称为主语的,就像是旁观者在叙述.
当直接引语为祈使句,陈述句,疑问句被转换成间接引语时,句子的结构,人称,时态,时间,时间状语和地点状语等都要发生改变.间接引语其实就是我们所说的第三人称转述.以下有几个例子:
1、人称的转变
1)直接引语中的第一人称,一般转换为第三人称,如:
He said,“I am very sorry.” ——>He said that he was very sorry.
2)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对转述人说的,转换为第一人称,如:
“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.——>
My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
3)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对第三人称说的,转换成第三人称.如:
She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.” ——>
She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
4)人称的转换包括人称代词、反身代词、物主代词等,如:
He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” ——>
He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.
总之,人称的转换不是固定的,具体情况,具体对待,要符合逻辑.
2、时态的转换
直接引语改为间接引语时,主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时,从句(即间接引语部分)的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化,变成过去时范畴的各种时态(实际也是宾语从句的时态要求),变化如下:
直接引语 间接引语
一般过去时 过去完成时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时 (不变)
过去进行时 过去进行时
一般现在时 一般过去时
一般将来时 过去将来时
指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化
直接引语 间接引语
指示 this that
代词 these those
时 now then
间 today that day
状 this week(month,etc.) that week(month,etc.)
语 yesterday the day before
the day before yesterdaylast week(year,etc.) two days beforethe week (year,etc.)before
tomorrow the next/following day
the day after tomorrow two days later(in two days)
next week(year,etc) the next/folloeing week(year,etc)
注意:情态动词的时态转换
can could
may might
must must\had to
shall should
例如:
“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. ——>
She said she was very glad to visit our school.
Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.” ——>
Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.
Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?” ——>
Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.
He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?” ——>
He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.
“Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked. ——>
The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.
Mother asked me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?” ——>
Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.
Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.” ——>
Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.
He said,“I haven't heard from my parents these days.” ——>
He said that he hadn't heard from his parents those days.
She said, "He always feels tired." →
She said (that) he has always felt tired.
3、直接引语变成间接引语时,从句时态无须改变的情况
1)当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候,如:
He always says, “I am tired out.” ——>He always says that he is tired out.
2)当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候,如:
He will say, “I'll try my best to help you.” ——>He will say that he will try his best to help me.
3)当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时,如:
He said, “I went to college in 1994.” ——>He told us that he went to college in 1994.
4)当直接引语中有以when, while引导的从句,表示过去的时间时,如:
He said,“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” ——>
He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.
5)当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时,如:
Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” ——>
Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.
6)当引语是谚语、格言时,如:
He said,“Practice makes perfect.” ——>He said that practice makes perfect.
7)当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used t-o, need时,如:
例如:
The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water.” ——>
The doctor said I'd better drink plenty of water.
He said, “She must be a teacher.”——> He said that she must be a teacher.
He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.”——>
He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.
The teacher said, “You needn't hand in your compositions today.”——>
The teacher said we needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to hand in our compositions.
She asked, “Must I take the medicine?”——> She asked if she had to take the medicine.
8)此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定,不能机械照搬,如果当地转述,here不必改为there, 动词come不必改为go,如果当天转述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon等均不必改变.如:
Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.
Student : What did the teacher say, Monitor?
Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.
4、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化
1)指示代词:these 变成those
2)地点状语:here变成there
She said, “I won't come here any more.”——> She said that she wouldn’t go there any more..
3)动词:come变成go,bring变成take
5、直接引语变成间接引语,句子结构的变化
1)陈述句.用连词that引导,that在口语中常省略.主句的谓语动词可直接用引语中的said, 也可用told来代替,注意,可以说said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that,不可直接说told that, 如:
He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” ——>He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.
He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”——>
He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.(不可说told that)
如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句,第一个连词可以省略,以后的连词一般不省略,以免混乱.
The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.”——>
The doctor said(that)I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.
2)直接引语为一般疑问句,(也称是否疑问句,)间接引语用连词whether或if引导,原主句中谓语动词sai-d要改为asked(me/him/us等),语序是陈述句的语序,这一点非常重要.
He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”——>
He asked(me)whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.
He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”——>
He asked whether I was interested in English.
3) 直接引语为选择疑问句,间接引语用whether…or…表达,而不用if…or…,也不用either…or…. 如:
He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”——>
He asked me whether I spoke English or French..
I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?”——>
I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.
4)直接引语为特殊疑问句,改成间接引语时,原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词,主句的谓语动词用ask(sb.)来表达,语序改为陈述句语序.如:
He asked,“What's your name?”——> He asked(me)what my name was.
He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?”——>
He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.
5)直接引语为祈使句时,改为间接引语,用带to的不定式表达,谓语动词常是ask, advise, tell, warn, orde-r, request等.如ask sb. to do,(由肯定祈使句变成)ask sb. not to do(由否定祈使句转变),并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化.如:
He said,“Be seated, please.”——> He asked us to be seated.
“Do be careful with your handwriting.” He said. ——>
He told me to be careful with my handwriting.
“Never come here again!” said the officer nearby. ——>
The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again.
“Don't touch anything in the lab without permission,” the teacher said. ——>
The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission.
6)有些含有“建议”——>、“劝告”——>的祈使句,可用suggest, insist, offer等动词转述,如:
He said, “Let's have a rest.”——> He suggested our having a rest.
He said, “Let me help you.”——> He offered to help me.
7)当直接引语形式上是疑问句,有表示请求,建议意义时,可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise s-b. to do sth. 等形式转述.如:
“Would you mind opening the door?” he asked. ——>He asked me to open the door.
“Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us. ——>
He advised us to go out for a walk. 或He suggested we go out for a walk.