哪位大虾帮忙说一下英语中"表语,代词,状语,系动词"之类的语法啊?好急!
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哪位大虾帮忙说一下英语中"表语,代词,状语,系动词"之类的语法啊?好急!
哪位大虾帮忙说一下英语中"表语,代词,状语,系动词"之类的语法啊?
好急!
哪位大虾帮忙说一下英语中"表语,代词,状语,系动词"之类的语法啊?好急!
(一)、副词及其基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构.
一、副词的位置:
1) 在动词之前.
2) 在be动词、助动词之后.
3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后.
注意:
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡.
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾.
He speaks English well.
二、副词的排列顺序:
1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后.
2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接.
Please write slowly and carefully.
3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词
注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词.
改错:(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much.
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可.
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
(二)及物动词与不及物动词
英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语,可把动词分成及物动词与和及物动词.
1.及物动词: 字典里词后标有vt. 的就是及物动词.及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象(即宾语),可直接跟宾语.see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
2.不及物动词:字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词.不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象(即宾语).若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语.
具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得背动词短语了,如listen to,look at…..
3. 宾语(动作的对象):是名词或代词,或相当于名词的词或短语(如动名词).其它词不看作动作的对象呢.
4.举例:“看”
(1)see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
(2)look 看 (vi.) x宾语(即不能直接加宾语). Look! She is singing.
Look carefully! (注意:carefully 是副词,不是名词,故不作宾语哟)
(3)look at 看…….+宾语 Look at me carefully! (me是代词,作宾语了)
(三)终止性动词
英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词.
终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束.如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等.
终止性动词的用法特征
1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时.如:
The train has arrived.火车到了.
Have you joined the computer group?你加入电脑小组了吗?
2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续.因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式).如:
(1)他死了三年了.
误:He has died for three years.
正:He has been dead for three years.
正:He died three years ago.
正:It is three years since he died.
正:Three years has passed since he died.
(2)他来这儿五天了.
误:He has come here for five days.
正:He has been here for five days.
正:He came here five days ago.
正:It is five days since he came here.
正:Five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词,不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用.那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法:
(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式.下面列举几例:leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold.
(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式.
(3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式.
(4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式.
3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用.如:
He hasn't left here since 1986.
I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用,构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型,意为"直到……才……".如:
You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开这里.
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉.
5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中.when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词).而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词.如:
When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)
6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式).如:
误:How long have you come here?
正:How long have you been here?
正:When did you come here?
(四)复数名词
英语上名词按可数与否可分为可数名词和不可数名词.
可数名词按数目又可分为单数名词和复数名词两类.(注:不可数名词没有复数形式如water(水).)
单数名词主要用来表示“一个”东西的概念.两个及其以上就应用复数名词来描述.
怎样把单数名词变复数名词呢?方法如下:
1.一般在名词词尾加-s.如:dog-dogs, house-houses, gram-grams.
2.以-o或-s,-sh, -ch及-x结尾的名词加-es构成其复数形式.如: tomato-tomatoes, kiss-kisses, watch-watches, box-boxes, bush-bushes.
3.有些以-o结尾,是外来语或缩写名词, 则加-s.如:piano-pianos, dynamo-dynamos, photo-photos, kimono-kimonos.
4.有些以-o结尾的名词,其-o前是元音字母则加-s.如:studio-studios, radio-radios.
以-oo结尾的名词只加-s.如:zoo-zoos.
5.以-y结尾的名词,且-y前是一个辅音字母,则把-y去掉,加-ies.如:baby-babies, university-universities, fly-flies, impurity-impurities.
如果以-y结尾的名词,-y前是一个元音字母,则直接加-s.如:boy-boys, donkey-donkeys.
6.以-f或-fe结尾的名词,一般将-f,-fe去掉,加-ves.如:wife-wives, wolf-wolves, calf-calves.
这类名词还有:life, knife, self, shelf, leaf, thief, sheaf, half等.
名词scarf, wharf, hoof, handkerchief的复数形式或加-s或去掉-f加-ves,即scarfs或scarves, wharfs或wharves, hoofs或hooves, handkerchiefs或handkerchieves.
也有些以-f或-fe结尾的名词只加-s.如:cliff-cliffs, belief-beliefs, safe-safes, roof-roofs, chief-chiefs等.
7.有些名词以改变元音构成其复数形式.如:man-men, woman-women, goose-geese, foot-feet, mouse-mice, louse-lice, tooth-teeth等. child的复数为children, ox的复数为oxen.
8.有些表示生物的名词,其复数形式与单数相同.如:fish-fish, sheep-sheep, deer-deer.这类名词还有aircraft, means等
(五)冠词的用法
1. 不定冠词的用法
冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义.英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article).
不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思.a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en].
1) 表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain.
A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2) 代表一类人或物.
A knife is a tool for cutting with.
Mr. Smith is an engineer.
3) 词组或成语.
a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
2. 定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西.
1)特指双方都明白的人或物:
Take the medicine. 把药吃了.
2)上文提到过的人或事:
He bought a house. I've been to the house.
他买了幢房子.我去过那幢房子.
3)指世上独一物二的事物:
the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth
4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者.
5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only, very, same等前面:
Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层.
That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西.
6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:
They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)
They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)
7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:
She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂.
8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:
the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
the United States 美国
9)用在表示乐器的名词之前: She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴.
10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:
the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
11) 用在惯用语中:
in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday, the next morning,
in the sky (water,field,country)
in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,
in the middle (of), in the end,
on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre
3. 零冠词的用法
1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary;
2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;
They are teachers. 他们是教师.
3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;
Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母.
4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;
Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存.
5)在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;
We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课.
6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;
The guards took the American to General Lee.
士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里.
7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词 如:have breakfast,play chess
8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;
I can't write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字.
9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by bus,by train;
10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如:
school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义;
go to hospital 去医院看病
go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
11)不用冠词的序数词;
a. 序数词前有物主代词
b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race.
c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first,first of all, from first to last
4. 冠词与形容词+名词结构
1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西.
He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫.
The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的.
2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物.
He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫.
5. 冠词位置
1) 不定冠词位置
不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前.注意:
a. 位于下列形容词之后: such,what,many,half,
I have never seen such an animal.
Many a man is fit for the job.
b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:
It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
So short a time.
Too long a distance.
c. quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后.
但当rather,quite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可.如:quite a lot
d. 在as,though 引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后:
Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖.
当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后.
2) 定冠词位置
定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等词之后,名词之前.
All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了.
(六)英文数词的用法与读法
1. 小数是用数字来表示的,小数点后无论有多少位数也不要在中间插入逗点,小数点读作 point,小数点后面的数字要一个一个地读出.如:
3.4 读作 three point four
0.8 读作 zero point eight 或 naught point eight
30.34 读作 thirty point three four.
Birth rate was up 2.5 times in those years.
那些年出生率上升了 2.5 倍.
小数 2.5 在句中作修饰语.
Our grain output will be 3.7 times that of 1960.
我们的粮食产量将是 1960年的 3.7 倍.
小数 3.7 在句中作修饰语.
2. 百分数用percent或per cent表示,即"%".
The price has been reduced by 20 percent (20%) since May.
自五月以来价格降低了百分之二十.
The number of visiting patients is 30%(30 percent) less than the same time last year.
就诊的患者人数较去年同期下降了百分之三十.
3. 比率的表示通常都用数字,有时亦可用文字.
The ratios of 1 to 3 and 5 to 15 are the same.
一比三和五比十五的比率是相同的.
You have a fifty to fifty chance to win the game.
你有五成的机会赢得比赛.
4. 日期及年份的表示法,如:
May 22(May the twenty-second或the twenty-second of May),也可写作 May 22nd
July 15(July the fifteenth或the fifteenth of July),也可写作 July 15th
August 1(August the first或the first of August),也可写作 August 1st
1949 读作 nineteen forty-nine
1804 读作 eighteen o four
1700 读作 seventeen hundred
2000 读作 two thousand
685 B.C. 读作 six eighty-five B.C.(before Christ)
1960's(or 1960s) 读作 nineteen sixties.
5. 时刻的表示法,如:
7:00 读作 seven o'clock或seven
9:15 读作 nine fifteen或a quarter past nine或a quarter after nine
11:26 读作 eleven twenty-six或twenty-six past eleven或twenty-six after eleven
5:30 读作 five thirty或half past five或half after five
6. 以24小时为时制的表示法,如:
08:00 读作 eight o'clock in the morning或eight o'clock a.m.
12:00 读作 twelve o'clock或midday或noon
14:15 读作 fourteen fifteen或two fifteen p.m.
24:00 读作 twelve o'clock at night或midnight
7. 单位的表达法,如:
2×3 feet 读作 two feet by three feet
2×3×6 inches 读作 two inches by three inches by six inches.
This parcel weighs 3 pounds 5 ounces.
This parcel is 3 pounds 5 ounces in weight.
这件包裹重三磅五盎司.
I bought a 4 feet by 5 feet rug.
我购买了一块长五英呎宽四英呎的地毯.
The temperature dropped to -22℃(minus twenty-two degrees Centigrade).
温度下降到摄氏零下二十二度.
His height is 178 cm.
He is 178 cm tall.
他的身高是一百七十八厘米.
The size of the box is six feet by four by three and two-thirds.
这个箱子的大小是长六英尺宽四英尺高三又三分之二英尺.
8. 一些数学表达式的读法,其中一些常见的符号如:
"+" 读作 plus 或 and;
"-" 读作 minus或from;
"×" 读作 times或multiplied by;
"÷" 读作 divided by.
5+8 =13
Five plus eight is thirteen.
五加八等于十三.
15-6 =9
Fifteen minus six is nine.
十五减六等于九.
4×5 =20
Four times five is twenty.
Four multiplied by five is twenty.
Four fives are twenty.
四乘以五等于二十.
8÷2 → 4
Eight divided by two is four.
Two in eight goes four.
八除以二等于四.
9. 电话号码、房间号、帐号、汽车牌号等按编号的顺序一个一个地读出,遇到 "0" 时读 oh,相连的两个相同的基数词可读作 double.
My office phone number is 268-8064 extension 321.
我的办公室电话是二六八八零**分机三二一.
268-8064 extension 321 读作 two six eight eight O six four extension three two one.
My account number is 38800685.
我的帐号是三八八零零六八五.
38800685 读作 three eight eight zero zero six eight five or three double eight double oh six eight five
10. 货币的读法,如:
$18.29 读作 eighteen dollars twenty-nine cents或eighteen twenty-nine
十八美元二十九美分.
$15 读作 fifteen dollars (even)
表示十五美元(整).
C$268 读作 two hundred and sixty-eight Canadian dollars
表示二百六十八加拿大元.
JP¥10,000 读作 ten thousand Japanese Yen
表示一万日元.
11. 帝王第~世的读法,如:
William I 读作 William the First(威廉一世)
Elizabeth II 读作 Elizabeth the Second(伊利莎白二世)
12. 其他表达法,如:
World War II 读作 world war two 或 the second world war(第二次世界大战)
No.1 读作 number one(第一)
Lesson III 读作 lesson three(第三课)
Section I 读作 section one(第一节)
P.10 读作 page ten(第十页)
(七)表语
关于表语,让我来通俗地讲讲:
英语中有五大基本句型,其中的“主语-连系动词-表语”是较重要和常见的一种.
表语常放连系动词后.能作表语的词除了形容词外,还有名词(或动名词),副词,介词短语,表语从句等.
辨别出连系动词也很关键.常见的连系动词除了be(become)动词之外,还有:(1)…..得:变得(get,turn),显得(look).(2)…..起来:看起来look,听起来sound,闻起来smell,尝起来taste.(3)以及其它一些词:seem,keep,stay等.
举例如下:
He is careful.(是形容词作表语,千万别用副词carefully)
He is a boy.(名词)
He is in.(副词)
= He is at home.(介词短语)
This food tastes good.( 形容词good作表语,千万别用副词well)
That was what I said.(句子作表语,用的是表语从句)
(八)句子成分:
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分.英语句子成分有主语,谓语,表语,宾语,宾语补足语,定语,状语等.
顺序一般是主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,而表语,定语,状语的位置要根据情况而定.
1、主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词,代词,数词,不定式等充当.
Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜欢看电视.
2、谓语
谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征.
一般可分为两类:
1),简单谓语
由动词(或短语动词)构成.
可以有不同的时态,语态和语气.
Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我们为人民学习.
2),复合谓语:情态动词+不定式
Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以说一点英语.
3、表语
表语是谓语的一部分,它位于系动词如be之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态.一般由名词,代词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词短语等充当.
Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是护士.
4、宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,能作宾语的有名词,代词,数词,动词不定式等.
WelikeEng'lish.我们喜欢英语.
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语.
Hegavemesom'eink.他给了我一点墨水.
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语.如:
Wemakehimourmon'itor.我们选他当班长.
5、定语
在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语.
用作定语的主要是形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动词不定式,介词短语等.形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面.
Heisanewstu'dent.他是个新生.
但副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后.
Thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的.
6、状语
修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的句子成分,叫做状语.用作状语的通常是副词,介词短语,不定式和从句等.状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾.副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首.