新标准初二英语上册M11知识点

新标准初二英语上册M11知识点
新标准初二英语上册M11知识点

新标准初二英语上册M11知识点
英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍,许多课本乃至实际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题.一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动式.须注意的是,许多地方与汉语不同.注意那些汉语中没有"被……"的意思,英语却应该用被动态.还要注意,英语的被动态往往由"by"引出,而有用介词"by"的短语往往又不是被动态,而是系表结构.还有些特殊现象,如：known to man(人类.所知),on foot步行(美国人有时用by foot),in carraige(乘四轮马车)等等.还有假主动,真被动的十几个常用词的用法,以及so heavy to carry而不用so heavy to be carried 等习惯用法.有关这类情况,做到心中有数对全面掌握被动态,准确无误地解答习题非常关键,被动态必须涉及的是动词的各种时态变化的问题.英语的时态本来很复杂,怎样记住各自的被动形式呢? 首先要明确"将来进行无被动,现在完成进行
同".这两种时态无被动形式.
另外,不及物动词带有同源宾语的动词,反身代词的动词和系动词都无被动形式.即便如此,还有不定式,动名词,分词,以及它们的复合结构)的被动态,再加上情态动词,助动词以及它们的疑问式和否定式从中掺杂,真是令人头痛,眼花缭乱.下面口诀就以动词do为例,即do did过去式done过去分词,以口诀形式总结各种时态的被动态,一定对你有所启示.
被动语态（一般现在时）
主动语态变被动语态时,主动语态句中的宾语变成被动语态句中的主语,主动语态句中的主语成为被动语态句中的动作的发出者.
被动语态的口诀
一般现、过用be +PP（过去分词）,be有人称、时、数变.
完成时态have(has) done,被动将been加中间.
一般将来shall (will) do,被动变do为be done.
将来进行无被动,shall (will) be doing,
现在完成进行同,have (has) been doing.
现、过进行be doing, 被动be加being done.
情、助、有、是妥安排,一律随新主语变.
否定助后加not,疑问一助置主前.
主语恰是疑问词,直陈语序主在前.
一般情助加be done,双宾多将间宾变.
复合宾语宾变主,宾补、主补相应变.
第二句"be有人称、时、数变"即be有人称、时态和单、复数的变化."情助"是指情态动词和助动词must,may,can,shall,will等一律随新主语(多是主动句中的宾语)来变化."疑问一助置主前"是说有两个助动词的话,应把主语放在第一助动词之后或把第一助动词置于主语之前.下面详细举例说明之.
一般现、过用be done, be有人称、时、数变
例：1、主动：The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome.
被动：The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children.
孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾.
2、主动：People regard him as brilliant.
被动：He is regarded as brilliant by people.
人们认为他很有才华.
以上两例都是一般时态用be done的例子,be有人称、时、数变,第三人称foreign friends是复数,时态一般过去时,所以"be done"就是were given,而People regard him as brilliant一句,被动后的"be done"就变成单数第三人称is regarded的形式了.
被动：
This speech was delivered by comrade Wang. (was delivered即一般过去时的被动态)
这篇讲演是王的发言.
There was a serious train accident near the border. Two people were killed and twelve were injured.
边境发生严重列车事故,两人死亡,十二人受伤.
A person who is truly honest is called a straight arrow. 直言不讳的人才是真正诚实的人.
A note was passed up to the speaker. 有人给讲演者递上来一张纸条.
John was elected president of the class instead of Harry. 乔治被选为班长而代替了亨利.
Volcanoes are described as active, dormant or extinct. 火山被描述为活的,沉睡着的,或者死的.
The soldier was killed, but the train was saved. 这位战士牺牲了,然而列车得救了.
He was thought to be clever but dishonest. 他被认为很聪明但不诚实.（别人认为他很聪明但不诚实）
The first zoological garden in the United States was established in 1874. 美国的第一个动物园是1874年建立的.
Families were often broken up; wives were taken away from their husbands and children from their parents.
家庭被拆散,妻儿被夺走.
The information is urgently needed. 急需这个资料.
Most environmental problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them were not taken in the past. 多数环境污染问题的存在,是因为过去没有采取适当的保护措施.
完成时态have done,被动将been加中间.
(过去完成时had done也包括在内).
例：1、主动：We have studied English for 3 years off and on at the spare-time school.
被动：English has been studied for 3 by us years off and on at the spare-time school. (have随新主语变为has)
我们已经在夜校里断断续续地学了三年英语了.
2、主动: They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year.
被动: 100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year.
到去年年底我们已生产出一百台拖拉机.
3、主动：They have set up a power station in their home town.
被动：A power station has been set up in their home town.
他们的家乡建立了一座发电站.
4、主动：They have warned us to be careful of rats.
被动：We have been warned to be careful of rats.
他们已提醒我们要注意老鼠.
5、主动：People have piled plastic bags full of rubbish in streets.
被动: Plastic bags full of rubbish have been piled in streets.
人们把装满垃圾的塑料袋子堆放在街上.
6、主动：We have used nuclear energy to produce electricity.
被动：Nuclear energy has been used to produce electricity.
核能已用来发电.
7、主动：No one has ever beaten him at tennis.
被动：He has never been beaten at tennis.
就网球来说还没有人是他的对手.
(No one涉及到全否定和部分否定问题,见否定一讲)
The person who owns the gun may try to deny that he has used it. But anyone seeing the smoke knows the gun has just been fired.
有枪的人会极力否认他开了枪.但是任何看到枪烟(枪冒的烟)的人都会知道刚才开了枪.
Today is Cilia's wedding day, she has just been married to Danel.
今天是西丽亚的新婚日,她刚刚和丹尼尔结婚.
The subjects of these lectures have been announced by the lecture committee.
演讲委员会已宣布了这些讲演的题目.
过去完成时也是一样：
主动: Somebody had cleaned my shoes.
被动: My shoes had been cleaned by somebody.
有人早已把我的鞋子擦了.
When I returned I found that they had towed (toud) my car away, I asked why they had done this and they told me that id was because I had parked it under a "No Parking Sign".
被动：my car had been towed away. I asked why this had been done and told that ... it had been parked under a "No Parking Sign".
当我回来时,发现我的车被弄走了.我问他们为啥这么于.他们告诉我说因为我把车于停在"禁止停车"的禁区.
主动：They had build three ships by last December.
被动： By last December three ships had been built by them.
到去年年底他们已建造了三艘船.
Research had been centred on the improvement of natural building materials before synthetics were created.
合成材料造出之前,研究工作集中在改进天然建筑材料上.
He did not say if all those steel pipes had been examined.
他并没有说那些钢管都检验过没有.
After plastic had been created, engineers were given a much wide choice of materials.
塑料发明之后,工程师们在材料选择上有了更广阔的途径.
一般将来shall (will) do,被动变do为be done
即由shall do或will do变为shall done或will be done.
例：主动: We shall build several big modern power plants in our city next year.
被动：Several big modern power plants will be built in our city next year.
过年我市将建立几座大型现代化的发电厂.
(shall do中的shall要随新主语变为will, do为be done.)
主动：I shall send my second boy to school next September.
被动：My second boy will be sent to school next September.
过年九月我将送我次子去读书.
主动：In order to fool people cheaps and swindlers will make such bricks out of lead covering the "lead brick" with gold.
被动：Such bricks will be made out of lead covering the "lead brick" with gold by cheaps and swindlers.
"铅砖"外面被设法骗钱的商人和骗子们镀上一层金来做这样的"金砖".
主动：They will ask you a lot of strange questions.
被动: You will be asked a lot of strange questions.
他们将问你许多怪题.
被动句中的by引出的宾语,一般说来,如果是人称代词你、我、他等,均可省略,someone no one不由by来引出.如果是名词不能省略,但当今英语也都可省略了.
主动：The Chinese people will make more space explorations in the future.
被动：More space explorations will be made in the future by the Chinese people.
中国人民在将来将进行更多的空间探索.
同样
After a period of use, the batteries should be changed. 电池使用一段时间后,应该更换.
Usually, the electricity is on for 24 hours. But tomorrow it will be cut off in the day time. 通常是昼夜供电,明天白天将停电.
More peaceful uses will be found for nuclear explosives in the future. 在将来会发现更多的和平利用核爆炸的途径.
More hard work will be needed to make this wonder come true in a short time from now. 从现在起要使这些奇迹在短时间内成为现实还需要做更多的艰苦工作.
make...come true 使……成为事实; come true做宾补(见感使动词口诀).
The machine will not be used again. 这机器不能再用了.
Will more gas be needed? 需要更多的煤气吗?
但如果是一般过去将来时如何处理呢?请记下面口诀：
一般过去将来时,过去某时将发生.
主动should (would) do,被动be done代原形.
将来进行无被动,现在完成进行同.
主动：A few days ago we were still not quite sure whether we should carry out the new plan ahead of time.
被动：...whether the new plan would be carried out ahead of time.
几天前,我们还不能肯定能否提前执行新的计划.
主动：I did not say that we would change the equipment.
被动：I did not say that the equipment would be changed.
我并没说过,我们将换掉那台设备.
主动：My supervisor told me that he would give me a special tutorial a few days ago.
被动：My supervisor told me that a special tutorial would be given to me a few days ago.
几天前,我的导师说他将对我进行个别辅导.
主动: I never thought that be would bring me the information so early.
被动：I never thought that the information would be brought to me so early.
我决没想到他那么早就会把资料带给我.
将来进行无被动,shall (will) be doing,
现在完成进行同．have (has) been doing,
即将来进行时表示动作在将来某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行'现在完成进行时表示某-行为发生在过去．延续到现在,可能还要延续下去.两种时态则不用被动语态.
11. 动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1） 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用.时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday.例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家.
2） 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实.例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动.
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部.
3） 表示格言或警句.例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败.
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时.
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的.
4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性.例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多.
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行.
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子.
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课.
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作.第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时.
返回动词的时态目录
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态.例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等.例如：
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2）表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作.例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎.
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了".例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了.
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了.
would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'.例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧.
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在.例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些.
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间.）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州.）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去）
注意： 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气.
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等.例如：
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下.
2）情态动词 could, would.例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
返回动词的时态目录
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在.例如：
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘.
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步.
be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词.例如：
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了.
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时.
返回动词的时态目录
11.4 一般将来时
1） shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替.will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称.例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?
2） be going to +不定式,表示将来.
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事.例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事.例如：The play is going to be produced next month.这出戏下月开播.
c. 有迹象要发生的事.例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了.
3） be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事.例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告.
4） be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事.例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京.
注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用.
返回动词的时态目录
11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿.例如：
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
返回动词的时态目录
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划.例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球.（客观安排）
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球.（主观安排）
返回动词的时态目录
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情.例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后.
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行.例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了.
3）在时间或条件句中.例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你.
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中.例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了.
返回动词的时态目录
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来.例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了.
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
返回动词的时态目录
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态.其构成：have （has） +过去分词.
返回动词的时态目录
11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响.
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语.
一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语.
现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语.
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等.
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know..
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等.例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时.
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
返回动词的时态目录
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time. that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时.例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市.
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌.
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时.例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影.
典型例题
（1） ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B.
（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时.
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用.即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的.
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
返回动词的时态目录
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度.例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了.
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时.
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作.）
I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作.）
注意：用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用.
1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.