发译成英文 中国象棋的起源

发译成英文 中国象棋的起源
发译成英文 中国象棋的起源

发译成英文 中国象棋的起源
周武帝发明的.明清时期进入民间.
我国象棋源远流长,历史悠久.但究其源头,众说纷坛,尚难断论.战国时期宋玉所著《楚辞》招魂篇里有"蓖蔽象棋,有六博些"说法,提到了象棋.从那时到现在已有两千多年了.但当时的"象棋"指的是象牙做的六博棋,不是现代形制的象棋.
六博棋由两人对弈,每方六子,有枭、卢、雉、犊、塞五种棋子,前四种棋子双方各一枚,最后一种棋子"塞"各两枚.枭为首,即主帅.《说苑》载有"雍门子周以琴见孟尝君说：足下燕居则斗象棋而舞郑女".可见那时在达官权贵和士大夫中已流行下象棋,甚至影响到门客了.北周武帝（公元561-578年）曾制《象经》,并集合百官在朝廷进行讲解.文学家庾信曾作《象棋经赋》及《进象棋经赋》.那时期,"象戏"在宫廷和文人中很盛行,但也不是现代形制的象棋.
唐代以前,象棋只有将、车、马、卒四个乒种,唐代以后,火器开始用于军事.据《唐书》记载,以机发石为攻城,号将军炮.所以那时的炮字还是"石"为偏旁的.军事上火器的发展给模仿战斗场面的象棋带来了新的发展,使象棋逐渐改革成为拥有将、车、马、炮、士、象、卒七个兵种,这就和现代象棋的兵种基本相似了.唐《续藏经》载："昔神农以日月星辰为象,唐相牛僧儒用车、马、将、士、卒加炮,代之为机矣."由此可见,唐牛僧儒的时代以前,象棋没有炮,加炮以后,才成现代象棋的雏型.但牛僧儒《玄怪录》中岑顺梦幻所见和挖掘古墓所发现的象棋,只有王、上将（象）、军师（士）、辎车、天马、六甲（步卒）等六个兵种,还没有炮.其时为唐代宗宝应元年,故后人称之为"宝应象棋".
宋晁无咎（公元1053-1110年）的"广象棋",棋子32个,与现制象棋的棋子总数相同,棋盘纵横各11路,比现制象棋盘大一点.广象棋把两炮放在车的外侧,棋子名称和着法与现制象棋相同,但没有说明棋盘中间有无河界.有河界的象棋盘见于北宋末.北宋末女词家李清照的《打马图经序》中刊有打马戏和象棋两用的局戏图,它所表示的象棋盘图形与现在的完全一样.另外宋颢关于象棋诗词中有"河外尖斜步卒轻"的描述.由此可见,北宋前的象棋盘没有河界,棋盘有河界的象棋是在北宋末定型的.
象棋子现在是平面字形的,但早先曾是立体象形的.《玄怪录》中所述的出土古墓,前有金床戏局,列马满枰,皆金铜成形,说明唐朝"宝应象棋"的棋子是铜质象形立体子.后来,北宋古墓出土的象棋文物中,见有圆形铜质的平面棋子,直径大小不等.正面有车、马、炮、将、士、象、卒字样；反面则是各种不同形状的图文.将是坐着的将军,腰悬长剑；士是女将,上着戎装,下穿裙子；象是一只大象；车是带有飞轮的辎车；马是飞跃的马；炮是飞石；卒是手执长矛的士兵.以后,图枰的棋子逐步为字形棋子代替.宋徽宗赵佶的《宫词》有"白檀象戏小棋枰,牙子金书字更明",说的就是白色的檀木棋盘和象牙制的金书字形棋子.
第一个以比较完整的篇章来描述象棋着法的是南宋诗人刘克庄.他的长达240字的五言古诗《象弈》中,有"小艺虽难精,上智有未解.君看桔中戏,妙不出局外.屹然两国立,限以大河界.三十二子者,--俱变态.……远炮勿虚发,冗卒要精汰.……昆阳以象奔,陈涛以车败.匹马郭令来,一士汲黯在.……"等句,形象地描写了象棋的棋盘、棋子和着法.和刘克庄同时代但稍晚些的著名学者陈元靓,在他晚年所编的日用百科全书《事林广记》中,辑集了一些棋势和两个全局着法,这是见于记载的最古棋局.
继宋之后,象棋在明代又有了大的发展.尤其是明代中期以后,由于经济文化的发展,象棋也进入了一个新的阶段.此时名棋手辈出,象棋的棋艺著作也得到了繁荣发展,出现了许多棋谱,反映了明人对象棋深入探索的成果.清代的象棋进一步平民化,普及面广.同时,在象棋界,名手众多,棋派林立,国手倍增.而象棋谱中也多是精湛之作.这些都对近代和当代象棋的发展及棋艺水平的提高起到了重要作用.
Zhou wu invention. During the Ming and qing dynasties into folk.
China has a long history, and chess with a long history. But the source, people have broken it, still difficult. During the warring states period by yu chu "there" Bi evocation papers, there are six bo] chess, mentioned some "chess. From then to now has more than 2,000 years. But when the "chess" is made of ivory, not six bo modern shape of chess.
Six bo chess two right, each party shall have six children, follow, Luxembourg, pheasants, young, four of five pieces, each one piece, and finally a pawn "plug" two. Owls, namely manager. The court said, "harmony doors weeks with harp to see meng said: one step YanJu, dou chess and dance zheng girl". Visible when the rich nobles and scholars have been popular in chess, even MenKe affect. Wu became citizens in A.D. 561-328 () ", "like system and set her in the court. Astronomers yuin was made by fu "chess and into the" chess. In that period, "like play" in the palace and very popular among modern shape, but also not the chess.
Tang, chess, car, only four horses, shen, after the tang dynasty, ping started for military firearms. According to the tang dynasty recorded in books, the stones for the siege, machine guns, general. So that the word "or" stone for PianBang. The development of military firearm for battle scene imitation of chess brings new development, reform has gradually chess, car, horse, be like, guns, and having seven > > >, which is the basic units and modern chess is similar. The renewal of tang dynasty, "smoothie scripture-stored with stars like shennong, tang NiuSengRu phase for transport, horse, he added, and the machine gun, and to do." Therefore, before the age NiuSengRu tang, chess, no gun gun, after the prototype of the modern chess. But the blame record of NiuSengRu xuan CenShun seen in dream and found the tomb, only the king, admiral chess (like), (and), analyses ZiChe, tianma, syntactic step (he), not six units. For the first time, tang Pope baoying later called "baoying chess".
No blame (A.D. classical song in 11.1) 1,053 - wide chess pawn ", "and now 32, the same number of chess board piece, and every 11, is making a class is all-around than chess. The two guns in wide chess, the pieces of the name of the car and now with the same, but without making chess board or that HeJie among. There HeJie chess in the late northern song dynasty. In the words of the female's li MaTu play in the preface to the publication has played chess bureau of dual-use circus and play figure, chess and now. Another song poetry is about chess hao finds the "light" he pointed diagonal steps. Therefore, the former dynasty HeJie, chess board has no HeJie chess is in the northern end to finalize the design.
Chess son is now the plane figure, but earlier is stereo pictographic. The xuan blame record "mentioned in the tombs excavated gold, before the horse, Ping full list of copper of gold, forming, tang" baoying chess "piece is copper pictographic stereo. Later, the northern song dynasty tomb relics unearthed in the chess, saw a round flat pieces of copper, diameter sizes. A positive, horse, cannon, will, then, as he wording;, Opposite is different shapes of graphic. The generals will sit long suspension, waist, Then, on the women's dress; understand, Like an elephant, The car is ZiChe with the flywheel, The horse horse is leap, Guns are flying rock, He is hand spear soldiers. Later, the figure Ping pieces for the glyph pieces instead of gradually. Gradually, the word "longquan as a" BaiTan play chess, small Ping, under the golden book word more, "said the ebony is white board and made of ivory gold piece book glyph.
The first to describe the full text of the southern Chinese chess is LiuKeZhuang poet. He earned a word for 240 poems in the ground like, "little art is difficult, not in wisdom. Jun look good, no orange self-propagation uninvolved. YiRan limited to two national, HeJie big son, 32. - all abnormal. far gun, not having to pure jig redundancy in Queensland. like rush, Yang Chen tao in car. Horse, a and that kuo." in ji an Such words, describes the chess board piece, answers. And LiuKeZhuang contemporaries, but later ChenYuan jing, the famous scholar in his old age of daily encyclopedia "things", LinAn JiJi some QiShi and two global the law, which is the most ancient records in 1967.
After the song, chess in Ming dynasty had again big development. Especially after the mid-ming dynasty, because of the economic and cultural development, chess and has entered a new stage. This name, chess player solutions-like chess works also get a boom, many moves, reflects the further exploration of chess sajoro results. The qing dynasty PuJiMian widely accessible, and further chess. At the same time, in XiangQiJie MingShou, numerous, chess pie, national multiply. But also in chess is exquisite. All of the modern and contemporary Chinese chess development and raise the level of chess played an important role.