现在完成时 过去完成时和完成进行时的结构

现在完成时 过去完成时和完成进行时的结构
现在完成时 过去完成时和完成进行时的结构

现在完成时 过去完成时和完成进行时的结构
1. 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成.
那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句.
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时；发生在后,用一般过去时.
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as.
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
注意： had no … when 还没等…… 就……
had no sooner… than 刚…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
2.过去完成进行时的构成
过去完成进行时是由"had been + 现在分词"构成.
She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.
她在考试之前一直患重感冒.
过去完成进行时的用法
①表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作.
过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始,一直延续到这一过去时间.和过去完成时一样,过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提.
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
这东西我找了好多天才找着的.
They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.
他们只等了一会儿车就来了.
②表示反复的动作.
He had been mentioning your name to me.
他过去多次向我提到过你的名字.
You had been giving me everything.
你对我真是有求必应.
③过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中(详见第12章).
The doctor asked what he had been eating.
医生问他吃了什么.
I asked where they had been staying all those days.
我问他们那些天是呆在哪儿的.
④过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句.
I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.
我刚看了几分钟他就进来了.
She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her.
她温习功课才一会儿,她妹妹就打断她了.
3.将来完成时的构成
将来完成时的构成是由"shall/will + have +过去分词"构成的.
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.
不久他就会全然忘记这件事的.
He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.
他现在是一个有身份的人了,他可能不会记得老同学了.
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?
到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧?
将来完成时的用法
①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响.
We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.
到这个学期末,我们将学完12个单元.
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍.
②表示推测,相当于"must have done"结构.
You will have heard of this, I guess.
我想你已经听说过这件事了.
I am sure he will have got the information.
我相信他一定得到了这个信息.
注：
在时间状语从句中,不用将来完成时,要用现在完成时来代替.
When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do.
等我做完这件事时,我就做完我该做的所有的事了.
Please don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
请等车停稳后下车.
4.将来完成进行时
形式will／shall have been+现在分词用于第一人称,而 will have
been+现在分词用于其他人称.
用法
正如将来完成时一样,它通常与一个以by开头的时间短语连用：
By the end of this year he’ll have been acting for thirty years．
到今年年底他当演员就满30年了.
将来完成进行时与将来完成时的关系和现在完成进行时与现在完成时的关系一样.即在以下情况下可以用将来完成进行时而不用将来完成时：
1 动作本身就是连续的：
By the end of the month he will have been living／working／studying here for ten years．
到了月底他在这里居住／工作／学习就满十年了.
2 一种经常进行的动作被表示为连续的动作：
By the end of this month he will have been training horses／climbing mountains for twenty years．
到了这个月底他驯马／登山就满 20年了.
但是如果提到所驯马匹或所攀登的山峰的数目,或用任何方式把动作分割为一次又一次的动作,就必须用将来完成时：
By the end of the month he will have trained 600 horses／climbed 50 mountains．
到本月底,他驯服的马就有600匹／攀登的山峰就有50座了.
5.现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)
1. 动作发生于一个非确定的过去的时间(过去的时间并不重要或根本不知道),但它的结果仍对现在有影响.
I have read the letter, and I know what it is about.
2. 动作发生在过去,目前仍在继续或刚刚结束, 常和 "for" 加上 "一段时间", 或"since" 加上"一个确切的过去的时间" 连用.
a) "for" 用于过去的一段时间. (动词必须是可以延续的)
He has been there for six months. 她去那儿有6个月了.
(直到现在)
He went there 6 months ago.
He has never been there. 他从来都没去过那里.(直到现在)
b) "since" 用于过去的一个确切的时间, 意思是"从那时一直到现在", 总是和完成时一齐用, 而且不能省略. (主句动词必须是可以延续的)
Tim has been in Nantong since January. 自从1月份以来他一直都在南通.(现在仍在南通)
注意: "since" 后面的确切的过去的时间也可以是一个含有过去时的从句.
He has been interested in collecting coins since he was a child.
他打小时侯起就对收集硬币感兴趣.（现在还是如此）
c) 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.)
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书.
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次.
3. 刚刚完成的动作.
I've just got a letter from my brother.
4. "already" 用于现在完成时的肯定句中, "yet" 用于现在完成时的否定句和疑问句中
He has (already) visited many places in China. (already)
He has come back now. Have you ever been to Australia?
注意 "already" 在句中的两种位置.
The train hasn't arrived yet.火车（到现在）还没有到.
Has she arrived yet? 她已经到了吗?Hasn't he come yet? 她还没来吗?
I haven't been very successful so far.我一直都没有成功.
注意: "have been"（去过） 和 "have gone"（去了） 的区别:
He has gone to Beijing . (He is there or is on his way there.)
He has been to Shanghai . (He was there once, but he is not there now.)
5. 当现在完成时句中无时间状语, 它只是指一个简单的已经完成的动作
I've cleaned the sitting-room. 我已把起居室打扫过了.(已完成了工作)
6. 现在完成时可以用来表示一个反复发生的动作.
He has rung me up five times today. (五次分隔的行为)
希望对你有用!加油哦!