英语翻译自20世纪70年代以来,从语用学的角度对礼貌现象进行了大量的探讨研究,发表了许多颇有见地的研究成果,提出了一些富有影响的礼貌理论.迄今为止,对礼貌的研究最有影响的是利奇基

英语翻译自20世纪70年代以来,从语用学的角度对礼貌现象进行了大量的探讨研究,发表了许多颇有见地的研究成果,提出了一些富有影响的礼貌理论.迄今为止,对礼貌的研究最有影响的是利奇基
英语翻译
自20世纪70年代以来,从语用学的角度对礼貌现象进行了大量的探讨研究,发表了许多颇有见地的研究成果,提出了一些富有影响的礼貌理论.迄今为止,对礼貌的研究最有影响的是利奇基于会话准则而提出的礼貌原则和布朗与列文森基于面子概念的“面子管理理论”或“面子保全理论”.在讨论语用学概念的时候,里奇特别强调语境的作用,但礼貌原则以及语用层级却是脱离语境的,研究重点在于话语的命题内容和表达方式上.他认为话语内容由损和惠决定,而话语的表达方式就是指直接语言和间接语言.本文认为命题内容和表达方式至多只能决定语言礼貌,不能决定话语礼貌.语言礼貌是绝对的、脱离语境的,不具有交际价：话语礼貌是相对的、依赖于语境的,具有交际价值.话语礼貌的绝对性是相对的；话语礼貌的相对性却是绝对的.
语用距离原则能比较合理地解释语言使用现象,也解决了语用学界长期以来存在着的一些模糊的理论问题,由于交际双方彼此之间的语用距离不一定相同,它们在具体交际过程中有时是礼貌的（即无所谓礼貌或不礼貌）.话语礼貌是以交际双方之间的语用距离为依据的.语用距离原则认为,语言礼貌在具体的交际中也是非常重要的.交际这以一定的话题与对方进行交际的时候,知觉与推定他与对方之间的语用亲密度较低,那么语言礼貌非但十分必要,而且特别重要.话语礼貌的语用距离原则要求我们最佳地使用礼貌语言,以便最有效地完成当前的交际任务.这便是本文的宗旨所在
1.2 语用距离的特征
话语礼貌的语用距离原则有两个基本的概念；语用距离和话语礼貌.所谓语用距离,是指交际双方在特定的交际事件中,借助特定的语言表达法所表示的彼此之间的亲密度.任何交际行为中所使用的话语都体现出交际双方之间的语用距离.语用距离可分为前语用距离和交际语用距离.前语用距离是交际发生之前由交际者知觉与推定的彼此之间的语用距离；交际语用距离是指在具体交际事件中表示出来的彼此之间的语用距离.
语用距离具有两个基本的特性：可变性和可商洽性.所谓可变性,是指语用距离处于不断变化之中而不是恒定不变的.即使在特定的交际过程中,语用距离也很少处于恒定态.所谓可商洽性,是指语用距离在言语交际中是可以有交际双方共同商洽的.可变性与可商洽性事语用距离的区别性特征——语用距离与人际关系以及社会距离之间的不同之处

英语翻译自20世纪70年代以来,从语用学的角度对礼貌现象进行了大量的探讨研究,发表了许多颇有见地的研究成果,提出了一些富有影响的礼貌理论.迄今为止,对礼貌的研究最有影响的是利奇基
Since l970s, from the perspective of pragmatics of politeness phenomena have done a lot of research, published many thoughtful research results, this paper puts forward some wealthy effect of politeness theory. So far, the research of politeness is the most influential strange based on conversational maxims put forward with the politeness principle and brown and based on the face of the concept of levinson conversational implication "face management theory" or "face preservation theory". In discussing pragmatics concept, richie special emphasis on the function of context, but the politeness principle and pragmatic hierarchy is out of context, the key lies in the discourse of propositional content and expressions. He thinks discourse content by loss and whist decision, but the words of expression is refers to direct language and indirect language. This paper argues that propositional content and expression way at most can only decide language politeness, cannot decide discourse polite. Politeness is absolute, language from the context, do not have communicative price: discourse politeness is relative and dependent upon context, with communication value. Discourse polite absoluteness is opposite; Discourse polite relativity is absolute.
Pragmatic distance principle can be reasonably explain language use phenomenon, and solved the pragmatic circles long exist some fuzzy theoretical question, because mutual communication between the pragmatic distance, they are not necessarily the same in concrete communication process is sometimes polite (i.e. no manners or impolite). Politeness is communication between the two words of pragmatic distance is based on. Pragmatic distance principle that language manners in specific communication is also very important. Communication with a certain topic with the other communication, sensation and infers the with each other between the pragmatic intimate degree low, then language is necessary, but not polite particularly important. Discourse polite pragmatic distance principle requires us to best use polite language, so that the most effectively completed the current communication tasks. This paper is the tenet of lies
1.2 pragmatic distance characteristics
Discourse polite pragmatic distance principle, there are two basic concepts, Pragmatic distance and discourse polite. So-called pragmatic distance, refers to the communicators in specific events, with the aid of communication special language expression expression of each other's intimate degree. Any communicative behavior which used in the discourse are reflects communication between the two sides pragmatic distance. Pragmatic distance can be divided into former pragmatic distance and pragmatic application distance. Former pragmatic distance is communication occurs before by the communicator between presumption of perception and the pragmatic distance, Communicative language using distance is to point to in specific communication events in expressing the pragmatic to each other at a distance.
Pragmatic distance has two basic characteristics: changeability and can be the co ultation sex. So-called variability, refers to the pragmatic distance is constantly changing and not constant. Even in particular communication process, pragmatic distance rarely in constant state. So-called can the co ultation sex, refers to the pragmatic distance in verbal communication is can have a mutual communication consultation. Variability and co ultation sex pragmatic distance of distinctive features -- pragmatic distance and interpersonal relations and social distance between differences