万圣节由来是要双语 知道的都来中英文都有

万圣节由来是要双语 知道的都来中英文都有
万圣节由来是要双语 知道的都来
中英文都有

万圣节由来是要双语 知道的都来中英文都有
万圣节的由来
在西方国家,每年的十月三十一日,有个Halloween,辞典解释为 “The eve of All Saints'Day”,中文译作：万圣节之夜.
关于万圣节,人们或多或少都有了一定的感性认知：知道万圣节期 间,许多公共场所乃至居家院落,都会布置上很多装璜,诸如各式鬼怪 呀、南瓜灯呀、还有黑猫以及巫婆的扫帚之类；孩子们会穿上每年不一 样的万圣节服装,拎着南瓜灯的提篓去挨家挨户地讨糖,说是“trick or treak”.除此之外,你还想多知道一点吗?我们在此简单介绍一下 万圣节的由来与习俗.
一、万圣节的由来：
关于万圣节由来的,传说最多的版本认为,那是源于基督诞生前的古西欧国家,主要包括爱尔兰、苏格兰和威尔士.这几处的古西欧人叫德鲁伊特人.德鲁伊特的新年在十一月一日,新年前夜,德鲁伊特人让年轻人集队,戴着各种怪异面具,拎着刻好的萝卜灯（南瓜灯系后期习俗,古西欧最早没有南瓜）,他们游走于村落间.这在当时实则为一种秋收的庆典；也有说是“鬼节”,传说当年死去的人,灵魂会在万圣节的前夜造访人世,据说人们应该让造访的鬼魂看到圆满的收成并对鬼魂呈现出丰盛的款待.所有篝火及灯火,一来为了吓走鬼魂,同时也为鬼魂照亮路线,引导其回归.
在中世纪的中欧,曾有过基督教摧毁异教徒的历史.可是新年夜前的祭祀庆典从未真正消除,不过以巫术的形式出现.这也就是为什么我们现在的万圣节里,还留有巫婆的扫帚、黑猫、咒语等痕迹.
二、Halloween一词的产生：
很多民族都在万圣节前夜有庆典聚会,这又被叫做“All Hallow E'en”、“The Eve of All Hallows”、“Hallow e'en”,或者“The eve of All Saintas'Day”.最终约定俗成演变成了“Halloween”,中文意译成了万圣节之夜.
三、“Trick or treat”的传说：
孩子们今天着装挨家要糖的习俗,据说起源于爱尔兰.古西欧时候的爱尔兰异教徒们,相信在万圣节前夜鬼魂会群集于居家附近,并接受设宴款待.因而,在“宴会”结束后,村民们就自己扮成鬼魂精灵,游走村外,引导鬼魂离开,避邪免灾.于此同时,村民们也都注意在屋前院后的摆布些水果及其他食品,喂足鬼魂而不至于让它们伤害人类和动物或者掠夺其他收成.后来这习俗一直延续下来,就成了孩子们取笑不慷慨之家的玩笑.
至于南瓜灯也至少有两种说法.一种说是人挖空了南瓜又刻上鬼脸点上烛火用以驱散鬼魂的；另一种说是鬼魂点上的烛火,试图骗取人们上当而跟着鬼魂走,所以人们就在南瓜表面刻上一个嘲讽的脸面,用以调笑鬼魂：哼!傻瓜才会上你的当.传说因为首用南瓜的是一位爱尔兰人Jack,所以人们又将鬼脸南瓜灯叫做Jack-O-Lantern.
四、现在的万圣节
万圣节流传到今天已经完全没有了宗教迷信色彩,它成了一个孩子们的节目,也是年轻人化装舞会的节目.
社会对节日的活动也一直做着正面的引导：要求大人教育孩子们不做恐吓性的恶作剧,也要求大人带孩子一起出门（一般是大人架车停在路边,小孩去敲门讨糖）.大人应该要求孩子只许去门口有节日布置的并点了灯的人家,否则不去打扰.另外讨糖过程的始终必须站在大门口等待,不许进屋,讨回的糖也要交大人检查后才许吃.对接待孩子的人家也要求不给自家制作的食品也不给未包装的食品.
公共场合以及居家周围的节日布置都是自愿的.鬼脸南瓜灯、白网黑蜘蛛等,都是节日的装点,已全然没有骇人之鬼魅色彩.有的女学生还端端在这时候会买一对南瓜或者鬼骷髅的耳环来佩带.如果有哪家的布置做得过分恐怖了,会遭到有关方面的制止,媒体也会令其暴光,让公众指责.
万圣节的服装,也是万人万相,不是单调的大鬼小鬼了.有许多渠道教授人们如何制作万圣节服装.比如说制作最简单的鬼服就用一张白床单顶在头上,别忘了扣两个洞留出眼睛就是；若是要扮演魔术师,就穿上黑衣黑裤,再戴上黑礼帽,并在礼帽与头顶之间藏一只绒毛小兔备用；还教大人如何把孩子打扮成小天使,白衣白裤,再从背后怎么绑一个手电筒在头上；也有教如何把孩子打扮成他们喜欢的卡通形象的.当然服装、道具业的商人们,就更有文章可做了.
学校在万圣节是不放假的.有时学校出面组织晚会,有时不甘寂寞的学生们也会自己主办小型晚会；而朋友、家人间互寄贺卡祝万圣节快乐则成为每年十月间流行的习俗.如今网际网路的发达使得送万圣卡更为方便经济,有的网站还别出心裁地设计了各种具有声响动画效果的万圣卡,如：www.cardmaster.com等,免费让大家使用.
总之,万圣节已成为西方人一个很普通的季节性节日.有很多人将此看作秋的结束以及冬的到来.万圣节一过,人们就开始期盼感恩节、圣诞节乃至新年了.

HALLOWEEN HISTORY
The Celtic people, who lived more than 2000 years ago feared the evening of Oct. 31 more than any other day of the year. It was the eve of their festival of Samhain. Samhain was a joyful harvest festival that marked the death of the old year and the beginning of a new one. The day itself was a time for paying homage to the sun god Baal who had provided the people with the ripened grain for use in the upcoming winter. Come evening evil spirits were everywhere. Charms and spells were said to have more power on the eve of Samhain. Several rituals were performed by the Celtic priests, Druids, to appease the Lord of the Dead.
Christianity was born, and grew strong until in the fourth century after Christ, the Roman Empire Constantine declared it lawful. Within the Roman Empire, the Christian Fathers tried their hardest to stamp out all things pagan, which is what they named the older religions. However, the Celts held firmly to their Druid customs. So, the Christian church gave them new meanings and new names, and told the people that the fire rites they had previously held for the Lord of the Dead on Oct. 31 would now protect them from the Devil, the enemy of God. In the 7th century the church celebrated All Saint's Day in May, but by the 9th century the date had been changed to Nov. 1st. The original festival for the pagan Lord of the Dead became a festival of Christian dead. People went on expecting the arrival of ghosts on Oct. 31st. Another name for All Saint's Day was All Hallows' Even which was later shortened to Halloween. In the 10th century the church named Nov. 2nd as All Souls' Day in memory of all dead souls. Halloween, All Saints' Day, and All Souls' Day come so close together and are so similar that in some countries they tend to merge together.
The witch is a central symbol of Halloween. The name comes from the Saxon wica, meaning wise one. When setting out for a Sabbath, witches rubbed a sacred ointment onto their skin. This gave them a feeling of flying, and if they had been fasting they felt even giddier. Some witches rode on horseback, but poor witches went on foot and carried a broom or a pole to aid in vaulting over streams. In England when new witches was initiated they were often blindfolded, smeared with flying ointment and placed on a broomstick. The ointment would confuse the mind, speed up the pulse and numb the feet. When they were told "You are flying over land and sea," the witch took their word for it.
An Irish myth tells of a drunk named Stingy Jack, who one day invited the Devil to have a drink. He convinced the Devil to change into a sixpence in order to pay for the drink, but instead of paying for the drink he pocketed the sixpence beside a silver cross which prevented the Devil from changing back. Jack made a deal with the Devil before letting him free. For one year the Devil could not harrass Jack. Next Halloween the Devil met Jack again, and he tricked the Devil into climbing an apple tree for an apple but then cut the sign of a cross into the trunk of the tree preventing the devil from coming down. Jack forced the devil to swear he would never come after Jack's soul. The devil reluctantly agreed. And so Jack was left alone. Jack died within the year and was turned back from the Gates of Heaven because of his stingyness and drunkedness. He went to the Gates of Hell and the Devil told him to go away, as Jack had made him promise not to claim his soul. Jack didn't want to leave because it was dark and he couldn't find his way. The Devil tossed Jack a glowing coal and Jack put it inside a turnip, and ever since with this Jack-O'-Lantern, Jack has been roaming the faces of this earth.
Scottish children hollow out and carve large turnips and put candles in them. Irish children use turnips or potatoes. In parts of England they use large beets. When the Scotch and the Irish came to the US they found pumpkins, which of course make a perfect Jack-O'-Lantern.
From earliest times people wore masks when droughts or other disasters struck. They believed that the demons who had brought their misfortune upon them would become frightened off by the hideous masks. Even after the festival of Samhain had merged with Halloween, Europeans felt uneasy at this time of the year. Food was stored in preparation for the winter and the house was snug and warm. The cold, envious ghosts were outside, and people who went out after dark often wore masks and animal skins to keep from being recognized. Now, just by chance if you had forgotten to dress up or could not fool the evil spirits by dressing in animal skins or other disguises, there was another way to avoid them. People set out a TREAT of food and fruit, and provide the wandering spirit with shelter for the night. If the demon spirit was satisfied with your TREAT, it was believed that he would not TRICK you by casting a spell on you.
Until very recently children would dress up as ghosts and goblins to scare the neighbors, but there was no trick or treating. Around 40 years ago people began to offer treats to their costumed visitors. And that is the origin of trick-or-treating.
参考资料：http://www.wesleylowe.com/halloween/hallohis.html

Halloween is an observance celebrated on the night of October 31, most notably by children dressing in costumes and going door-to-door collecting candy. It is celebrated in much of the Western world, ...

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Halloween is an observance celebrated on the night of October 31, most notably by children dressing in costumes and going door-to-door collecting candy. It is celebrated in much of the Western world, though most common in the United States, Puerto Rico, Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, Canada, and with increasing popularity in Australia and New Zealand. Halloween originated in Ireland as the pagan Celtic harvest festival, Samhain. Irish, Scots and other immigrants brought older versions of the tradition to North America in the 19th century. Most other Western countries have embraced Halloween as a part of American pop culture in the late 20th century.
The term Halloween, and its older spelling Hallowe'en, is shortened from All-hallow-even, as it is the evening before "All Hallows Day"[1] (also known as "All Saints' Day"). In Ireland, the name was All Hallows Eve and this name is still used by some older people. Halloween was also sometimes called All Saints' Eve. The holiday was a day of religious festivities in various northern European pagan traditions, until it was appropriated by Christian missionaries and given a Christian interpretation. In Mexico November 1st and 2nd are celebrated as the "Dia de Los Muertos" Day of the Dead. Halloween is also called Pooky Night in some parts of Ireland, presumably named after the púca, a mischievous spirit. In Australia it is sometimes referred to as "mischief night", by locals.
Halloween is sometimes associated with the occult. Many European cultural traditions hold that Halloween is one of the liminal times of the year when the spiritual world can make contact with the physical world and when magic is most potent (e.g. Catalan mythology about witches).
Halloween is an annual celebration, but just what is it actually a celebration of? And how did this peculiar custom originate? Is it, as some claim, a kind of demon worship? Or is it just a harmless vestige of some ancient pagan ritual?
The word itself, "Halloween," actually has its origins in the Catholic Church. It comes from a contracted corruption of All Hallows Eve. November 1, "All Hollows Day" (or "All Saints Day"), is a Catholic day of observance in honor of saints. But, in the 5th century BC, in Celtic Ireland, summer officially ended on October 31. The holiday was called Samhain (sow-en), the Celtic New year.
One story says that, on that day, the disembodied spirits of all those who had died throughout the preceding year would come back in search of living bodies to possess for the next year. It was believed to be their only hope for the afterlife. The Celts believed all laws of space and time were suspended during this time, allowing the spirit world to intermingle with the living.
Naturally, the still-living did not want to be possessed. So on the night of October 31, villagers would extinguish the fires in their homes, to make them cold and undesirable. They would then dress up in all manner of ghoulish costumes and noisily paraded around the neighborhood, being as destructive as possible in order to frighten away spirits looking for bodies to possess.
Probably a better explanation of why the Celts extinguished their fires was not to discourage spirit possession, but so that all the Celtic tribes could relight their fires from a common source, the Druidic fire that was kept burning in the Middle of Ireland, at Usinach.
Some accounts tell of how the Celts would burn someone at the stake who was thought to have already been possessed, as sort of a lesson to the spirits. Other accounts of Celtic history debunk these stories as myth.
The Romans adopted the Celtic practices as their own. But in the first century AD, Samhain was assimilated into celebrations of some of the other Roman traditions that took place in October, such as their day to honor Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit and trees. The symbol of Pomona is the apple, which might explain the origin of our modern tradition of bobbing for apples on Halloween.
The thrust of the practices also changed over time to become more ritualized. As belief in spirit possession waned, the practice of dressing up like hobgoblins, ghosts, and witches took on a more ceremonial role.
The custom of Halloween was brought to America in the 1840's by Irish immigrants fleeing their country's potato famine. At that time, the favorite pranks in New England included tipping over outhouses and unhinging fence gates.
The custom of trick-or-treating is thought to have originated not with the Irish Celts, but with a ninth-century European custom called souling. On November 2, All Souls Day, early Christians would walk from village to village begging for "soul cakes," made out of square pieces of bread with currants. The more soul cakes the beggars would receive, the more prayers they would promise to say on behalf of the dead relatives of the donors. At the time, it was believed that the dead remained in limbo for a time after death, and that prayer, even by strangers, could expedite a soul's passage to heaven.
The Jack-o-lantern custom probably comes from Irish folklore. As the tale is told, a man named Jack, who was notorious as a drunkard and trickster, tricked Satan into climbing a tree. Jack then carved an image of a cross in the tree's trunk, trapping the devil up the tree. Jack made a deal with the devil that, if he would never tempt him again, he would promise to let him down the tree.
According to the folk tale, after Jack died, he was denied entrance to Heaven because of his evil ways, but he was also denied access to Hell because he had tricked the devil. Instead, the devil gave him a single ember to light his way through the frigid darkness. The ember was placed inside a hollowed-out turnip to keep it glowing longer.
The Irish used turnips as their "Jack's lanterns" originally. But when the immigrants came to America, they found that pumpkins were far more plentiful than turnips. So the Jack-O-Lantern in America was a hollowed-out pumpkin, lit with an ember.
So, although some cults may have adopted Halloween as their favorite "holiday," the day itself did not grow out of evil practices. It grew out of the rituals of Celts celebrating a new year, and out of Medieval prayer rituals of Europeans. And today, even many churches have Halloween parties or pumpkin carving events for the kids. After all, the day itself is only as evil as one cares to make it.
万圣节是纪念庆祝10月31日晚，尤其是在服饰打扮儿童和挨家挨户上门收集糖果。这是在庆祝西方世界很多，不过大多数在美国，波多黎各，爱尔兰共和国的共同，英国，加拿大，以及增加在澳大利亚和新西兰的知名度。万圣节起源于爱尔兰作为异教徒的凯尔特人丰年祭，Samhain。爱尔兰，苏格兰和其他移民带来的传统旧版本北美在19世纪。大多数其他西方国家接受，作为美国流行文化在20世纪后期的一部分万圣节。
万圣节一词，其旧拼写万圣节，是由原来的全空洞的，甚至，因为这是前天晚上“万圣节日”[1]（也称为“万圣节”）。在爱尔兰，这个名字是万圣节前夕，这个名字仍然是一些老年人使用。万圣节，有时也被称为万圣节前夜。这个节日是一个宗教节日当天在各个北欧异教传统，直到它拨基督教传教士和基督教给予解释。在墨西哥11月1日和2日是著名的“直径德洛杉矶穆埃”死亡之日。万圣节之夜也称为Pooky大概在命名后，普爱尔兰，一个顽皮的精神部分。在澳大利亚，有时称为“恶作剧之夜”，由当地人。
万圣节，有时候是因为神秘。许多欧洲的文化传统认为，万圣节是一年中阈限的时代精神时，其中一个世界上可以与现实世界接触，当是最强大的魔法（例如关于女巫加泰罗尼亚神话）。
万圣节是一个一年一度的庆祝活动，但到底什么才是真正的庆祝活动？又是如何这一特殊习俗起源的？难道，像一些人所说，是恶魔崇拜呢？或者它仅仅是一些古老的异教仪式无害的痕迹？
这个词本身，“万圣节”，实际上是在天主教会的起源。它来自一个万圣节前夕承包腐败。 11月1日，“所有空心日”（或“万圣节”），是一种荣誉的纪念天主教圣徒一天。但是，在公元前5世纪，爱尔兰的凯尔特人，10月31日正式结束夏季。这个节日被称为Samhain（播种恩），凯尔特新年。
一个故事说，在这一天，所有那些谁在整个前一年去世会来的活体搜索返回的游魂拥有下一年度。这被认为是他们对来世的唯一希望。凯尔特人相信所有空间和时间的法律在此期间暂停，让世界的精神与生活混为一谈。
当然，仍然生活不想被占有。所以在10月31日晚，村民们扑灭大火家园，使他们感冒，并不可取。然后，他们将打扮成各种残忍的方式，大肆服装居民区周围的游行，被视为破坏尽可能以吓跑寻找精神的机构拥有。
可能是更好的解释为什么凯尔特人熄灭的大火并没有阻止神附体，但至今所有的凯尔特部落可能重新点燃一个共同的源头，从他们的火灾，火灾的Druidic被关在爱尔兰中燃烧，在Usinach。
一些帐户告诉凯尔特人如何将燃烧在谁被认为已经拥有的股份的人，作为一个教训排序的精神。凯尔特人历史上的其他帐户揭穿这些故事的神话。
罗马人通过作为自己的凯尔特做法。但在公元一世纪，Samhain是到其他古罗马的传统，采取了一些他们在10日举行，兑现波莫纳一些庆祝吸收，水果和树木罗马女神。在波莫那象征是苹果，这可能解释我们对万圣节的苹果漂泊的现代传统的起源。
在还随时间变化的做法，重点更加仪式。正如精神信仰藏减弱，衣像妖怪，鬼魂的实践，和女巫仪式上的作用更加了。
万圣节的习俗被带到美国在1840年的逃离自己国家的爱尔兰马铃薯饥荒的移民。当时，在新英格兰最喜欢的恶作剧包括在外屋小费和unhinging栅栏门。
定制的伎俩或善待被认为具有起源与爱尔兰凯尔特人，而是与第九世纪欧洲习惯称为souling。 11月2日，追思节，早期基督徒，走着，村与村的“灵魂蛋糕，”乞讨由与葡萄干面包片方出。月饼越灵魂会得到的乞丐，更祈祷他们承诺说对捐助者对死者的亲属代表。当时，有人认为，死者留在冰封了死后的时间，而祈祷甚至陌生人，可加速灵魂的通道天堂。
该南瓜灯笼习俗可能是由来自爱尔兰的民间传说。由于故事被告知，名叫Jack，谁被认为是酒鬼和骗子臭名昭著的一个男人，欺骗，爬树撒旦。杰克则刻一个在树的树干交叉形象，捕获魔鬼了树。杰克在与魔鬼，如果他决不会再诱使他达成协议，他会答应让他失望的树。
根据民间故事，杰克去世后，他被拒绝进入天堂，因为他的罪恶行径，但他也拒绝进入地狱，因为他骗了魔鬼。相反，魔鬼给了他一个单一的余烬点燃通过寒冷黑暗的路上。在余烬放在里面一镂空的萝卜，以保持发光时间。
用萝卜爱尔兰作为他们的“杰克的灯笼”原本。但是，当移民来到美国时，他们发现南瓜是远远超过萝卜丰富。因此，南瓜灯笼是在美国一镂空的南瓜，用余烬点燃。
因此，尽管有些邪教可能采用为他们最喜爱的“节日万圣节，”这一天本身却没有增加邪恶的作法。它的前身是在庆祝新年凯尔特人仪式，并指出欧洲中世纪的祈祷仪式。今天，甚至很多教会万圣节南瓜雕刻政党或为孩子们的活动。毕竟，这一天本身是邪恶的，只是作为一个关心使。

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