找一篇1500字左右的英文短文内容要关于网球体育产业的,如果实在没有体育产业的也行.要英文原版和中文翻译!

找一篇1500字左右的英文短文内容要关于网球体育产业的,如果实在没有体育产业的也行.要英文原版和中文翻译!
找一篇1500字左右的英文短文
内容要关于网球体育产业的,如果实在没有体育产业的也行.要英文原版和中文翻译!

找一篇1500字左右的英文短文内容要关于网球体育产业的,如果实在没有体育产业的也行.要英文原版和中文翻译!
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=0Lo5EFcres4C&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=tennis+sport+industry&source=web&ots=QUgZHT5O4D&sig=OCDKgvvtiQhUo6pYjdG5w6HFdsA&hl=en
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=I6NwN3xuTYYC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=tennis+sport+industry&source=web&ots=htIzhBepW-&sig=iwq5mtJipovMVvmJ0Mfj--mlR1M&hl=en
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=PGRkblShhU8C&pg=PA425&lpg=PA425&dq=tennis+sport+industry&source=web&ots=EA7Bvnzj-O&sig=-KhnaQ7TPDQPB_VxDY1Qv7bal3Y&hl=en
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=KJwMfEiXN2AC&pg=PA309&lpg=PA309&dq=tennis+sport+industry&source=web&ots=C3huTtMrgF&sig=4nVzStMSEQ0pCBwJoDEF_WZ_WGA&hl=en
http://www.tennisindustry.org/
Tennis as the modern sport can be dated to two separate roots. Between 1859 and 1865, Major Harry Gem and his friend Augurio Perera developed a game that combined elements of rackets and the Basque ball game pelota, which they played on Perera's croquet lawn in Birmingham, England.[2] [3] In 1872, along with two local doctors, they founded the world's first tennis club in Leamington Spa.[4] The Courier of 23 July 1884 recorded one of the first tennis tournaments, held in the grounds of Shrubland Hall.[5]
In December 1873, Major Walter Clopton Wingfield designed a similar game — which he called sphairistike (Greek σφάίρίστική, skill at playing at ball), and was soon known simply as "sticky" — for the amusement of his guests at a garden party on his estate of Nantclwyd, in Llanelidan, Wales.[6] He based the game on the older sport of indoor tennis or real tennis. According to most tennis historians, modern tennis terminology also derives from this period, as Wingfield borrowed both the name and much of the French vocabulary of real tennis and applied them to his new game.
The first championships at Wimbledon, in London were played in 1877.[7] On May 21, 1881, the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (now the United States Tennis Association) was formed to standardize the rules and organize competitions.[8] The U.S. National Men's Singles Championship, now the U.S. Open, was first held in 1881 at Newport, Rhode Island.[9] The U.S. National Women's Singles Championships were first held in 1887.[10] Tennis was also popular in France, where the French Open dates to 1891.[11] Thus, Wimbledon, the U.S. Open, the French Open, and the Australian Open (dating to 1905) became and have remained the most prestigious events in tennis.[12][13] Together these four events are called the Grand Slam (a term borrowed from bridge).[14] The comprehensive International Lawn Tennis Federation rules promulgated in 1924 have remained remarkably stable in the ensuing eighty years, the one major change being the addition of the tie-breaker system designed by James Van Alen.[15] The Davis Cup, an annual competition between national teams, dates to 1900.[16]
In 1926, promoter C.C. Pyle established the first professional tennis tour with a group of American and French tennis players playing exhibition matches to paying audiences.[13] [17] The most notable of these early professionals were the American Vinnie Richards and the Frenchwoman Suzanne Lenglen.[13] [18] Once a player turned pro he or she could not compete in the major (amateur) tournaments.[13]
In 1968, commercial pressures and rumors of some amateurs taking money under the table led to the abandonment of this distinction, inaugurating the open era, in which all players could compete in all tournaments, and top players were able to make their living from tennis.[19] With the beginning of the open era, the establishment of an international professional tennis circuit, and revenues from the sale of television rights, tennis has spread all over the world and has lost its upper-class English-speaking image.
In 1954, Van Alen founded the International Tennis Hall of Fame, a non-profit museum in Newport, Rhode Island.[20] The building contains a large collection of tennis memorabilia as well as a hall of fame honoring prominent members and tennis players from all over the world. Each year, a grass-court tournament and an induction ceremony honoring new Hall of Fame members are hosted on its grounds.
网球的前身是14世纪流行於法国宫廷的一种叫「掌球戏」的游戏.规则是两名玩家隔著一条绳子,使用手掌将被布包著头发制成的球互相对打.其后这种游戏经过发展和改良,用网代替绳子,并将以手击球改为用木制球拍,随后木拍更拉上弦线.由18世纪开始,欧洲民间也开始出现这种游戏,并且於19世纪盛行於欧洲.
现代的网球则於1873年12月由华尔特·科洛普顿·温菲尔德少校（Major Walter Clopton Wingfield）在英国发明,当时这个游戏是用来在后院的派对中取悦客人.他是根据老的室内网球或者称为原网球的游戏创造这项运动的.根据大多数网球历史学家,现代网球的规则也大多数从此而来,因为温菲尔德从这两项运动中借鉴了大量元素,还借鉴了法国皇室网球的一些技巧规则.
1877年在英国伦敦温布尔顿举行了首场A|zh-hk:温布顿网球锦标赛;zh-hans:温布尔登网球锦标赛,为现代网球史上最早的比赛.随著国际网球联合会於1913年成立,网球运动亦於世界各地得以广泛发展.在1881年5月21日,美国国家草地网球联盟（现在的美国网球联盟）成立以规范规则和竞技制度.美国国家男子单打锦标赛,就是现在的美国公开赛,1881年首次在美国罗得岛的新港举行.美国国家女子单打锦标赛在1887年举行.网球也在法国（法国网球公开赛1891年）流行.世界著名的网球公开赛有：温布尔顿网球公开赛、美国网球公开赛、澳洲网球公开赛和法国网球公开赛.今天,这四项赛事被称为大满贯.关於草地网球的规则80年之内都没有改变,只是在1900年,由詹姆士·凡·阿兰（James Van Alen）做出了一项重要改变：1900年,著名的一年一度戴维斯杯网球公开赛在国家队之间举行.
1926年,商人C.C.派尔（C.C.Pyle）建立了首个职业网球巡回赛,队员由美国和法国网球运动员组成.最值得称道的早期职业网球选手有美国的温尼·理察斯（Vinnie Richards）和法国女子苏赞妮·冷莲（Suzanne Lenglen）.当一个队员成为职业选手后,他/她就不能参加业余选手赛.
1968年,由於商业的压力导致这项制度的废弃,因此进入了一个新的时代,即所有选手都可以竞争所有赛事,而顶级选手可以靠打网球谋生.藉此,国际职业网球圈建立,借电视转播网球传遍了整个世界,从此不再是英国上流社会的专有运动.
1954年,詹姆士·凡·阿兰创建了国际网球声誉礼堂,一个在罗得岛的新港的非营利博物馆.这个博物馆里面搜集了大量的网球纪念品和大量全世界网球成员的奖品和奖章.每年,在此都要举行一次草地网球赛,并且举行接纳新的声誉礼堂成员的典礼.
http://www.google.com.sg/search?q=tennis+sport+industry&hl=en&start=10&sa=N

The origin and sport developmentvv
Modern sport generally include indoor and outdoor tennis tennis in two forms. Sport originated in the first 12 to 13 century French missionaries in the church co...

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The origin and sport developmentvv
Modern sport generally include indoor and outdoor tennis tennis in two forms. Sport originated in the first 12 to 13 century French missionaries in the church corridors, with a palm-hitter game. Later became a palace in the indoor leisure entertainment. It was also suggested that the origin of sport should be traced back to the "Hundred Years War" (1337 ~ 1453 British-French war the two countries) in the past, France circulated a civil Mingjiaohaiou Depayin Wumai the ball game. It is said that this game is for two people, each Gezhi a racket, the stadium is built around the wall, the ball hit the wall after the shells back, then the net. Therefore, from the use of the space and equipment, or from the game on the way, it is the modern sport there are many similarities, so some people see it as the primary form of sport.
By the mid-14th century French poets such a ball game introduced to the French court, as the aristocratic men and women of the royal family entertainment. At that time playing this game, the venue is within the palace hall, do not have a no racket, the ball is a round of rolls with a rope tied after 10% of. Venues set up a rope to the middle sector, using both hands for the racket, the ball from the Rope to lose to lose, the French called "Tennez", in English called "Takeit! Play", meaning: "seize! Throwing the past" , Today's "tennis (Tennis)" a phrase that comes from this. Soon wooden rackets were used to replace the two-handed Paiqiu. Early 16th century, this ball game was that the French nationals, out of curiosity began to follow, quickly spread to other cities, and improved appliances. Comparing the ball in the manufacture of durable, wooden racket by the board to parchment, shoot surface area to enlarge, grip the handle also lengthened. The middle of the rope venues, increased countless falling short rope to the ground, the ball from a rope below, you can obviously find. France's King Louis was later banned, and that it is the prerogative of the court in the game. The early 17th century, the venue no longer used the middle rope curtain, and the use of small box net, the role of network better than the screens, using threads of the net beat film, flexible and lightweight convenience. In France the court in such a game, placing a stadium next to the golden containers, each race has been completed, the audience after the money invested, as the winner of the prize. This initial good intention, then gradually evolved into a kind of gambling. The number is still small at the start, the course of time the bet is, some people even so the earth, so the dispute repeatedly, France's then banned again for this game, and this is the early 18th century the main reason for decline tennis.
In about 1358 to 1360, this ball game spread to France from Britain. Britain's King Edward III, of particular interest to have ordered the construction of a palace in the indoor stadium. Since then, tennis popular in the United Kingdom started to become a British upper class entertainment, it is "noble sport" Blair said. This is mainly popular during the indoor tennis. Until September 29, 1793, in the United Kingdom a "sports" magazine, only the "tennis venue," the name.
The history of modern sport is generally from the beginning of 1873. That year, the British沃尔特克洛Compton Winfield will play tennis early to be improved to make it a lawn in the summer on a sports, and the name "lawn tennis." The same year also published a "lawn tennis" as the brochure, such publicity and promotion activities. So Winfield referred to as "the founder of modern tennis." Since then tennis has become an indoor, outdoor sports can be conducted. At the same time in the United Kingdom established around the tennis club. 1875 has also established the All England Tennis Club. The club in the world, and the construction of a tennis court, and in 1877 organized the All England Lawn Tennis Championships men's singles, was the world-famous Wimbledon tennis tournament. Sport and the competition for a wide range of activities have become increasingly frequent, there is no uniform rules of course, is not acceptable. So in 1876, from some parts of the famous tennis club sent representatives to a meeting to discuss the development of a research and reunification of the All England Tennis rules. After several rounds of consultations, representatives of the parties finally to the sport venues, equipment, and the game play and achieved a consensus of views, and form a unified rule. After about 1878, most of the British Tennis Club are gradually in accordance with the new play activities, training and competitions.
1874, the U.S. holiday in Bermuda, Bridgetown Maliaote watched a British officer in the tennis competition, quite interested in this sport, so the rules will be tennis, and tennis net to shoot in New York. In the United States, the sport was first launched in the eastern part of the school, and soon spread to central, western, then popular in the United States. At this time by the sport has evolved to the grass in the sand, cement floor and asphalt at the ground game, so "tennis (Tennis)" to gradually replace the name "lawn tennis (LawnTennis)" the name, this is our today Tennis (Tennis) the origin of the name. Modern sport in the early stages, women are often excluded, because the sport is not suitable for women. At the same time that women's participation in the sport, objectionable. So early tennis match with only two men's singles and doubles, women's tennis item no. However, some female athletes not only the courage to break through public opinion and the family block, but also some technical level than the men. In some non-formal in the singles competition is often a side of men, women athletes is the other side of the situation. This forced some tennis club had to get rid of the ban, allowing women to participate in this campaign. So from the beginning of 1879 gave birth to the men and women mixed doubles competition, it is women themselves to work hard results.
1878, the first men's doubles tournament held in England. 1879, the first women's singles and mixed doubles competitions held in Ireland. 1884, an increase of Wimbledon women's singles and men's doubles championship. 1913 has also increased the women's doubles and mixed doubles championship. 1881, the world has emerged in the first national tennis associations, namely the United States National Lawn Tennis Association ( "National" in the 1920 abolition of the word). The year will be from August 31 to September 3, in Newport Rhode Island in Hong Kong held its first session of the United States lawn tennis men's singles and men's doubles championship, the use of the Wimbledon game rules, participate in the competition's 26 People.
USA Network's Chairman of the National Grassland and the United States men's singles champion Dwight Sears, is also participating in the first Wimbledon Championships overseas athletes.
1887, held the United States Lawn Tennis Championships women's singles, women's doubles and mixed doubles were started in 1890 and 1892.
1891, the first French men's singles and men's doubles championship, the participants limited to French citizens, women's singles began in 1897.
1900, 21-year-old American tennis players Davis, in order to promote the development of modern sport, donated a gold silver big bowl of the village, known as the Davis Cup. It later became the most prestigious international tennis tournament men's trophy permanent flow. The annual championship teams and team name engraved on the Cup, when the 1920 Keman name, Davis also donated a pad boxes, after two pallets have been added.
1904, the Australian Lawn Tennis Association was established in 1905 and began hosting the Australian Championships, a men's singles, men's doubles of the items. 1922 has also increased the women's singles, women's doubles and mixed doubles 3. French tennis championships, the United Kingdom Wimbledon Championships, U.S. Open Tennis Championships and the Australian Tennis Championships together is the world's most prestigious "Grand Slam" Tennis Championships. Any one player or a group of doubles players in the same season, won four Championship, it will be "grand slam" winner of the honor.
March 1, 1913, from Australia, and other 12 countries of the Association of Tennis, in Paris the establishment of the International Tennis Federation (ITF), the coordination of international tennis events, competition schedule for the whole year, the amended rules of tennis and to oversee its implementation .
1919, drawing lots of "seed" system. 1927, the United Kingdom's first seamless tennis, the ball speed up. 1945 to the 1960s, the trend of professional tennis. 1963 began organizing women's team competition - the Confederations Cup. 1968 Wimbledon first practice does not distinguish between amateur and professional athletes participating in the system. 1972, the International Association of men's professional tennis players set up. 1973, the International Women's Tennis Association to set up.
1896 held in Athens in the first modern Olympic Games, tennis men's singles and doubles were classified as official event. Later, with the IOC and the International Tennis Federation in "amateur athletes," there are differences on the issue, has been going on for the seventh consecutive Olympic tennis event was cancelled. Luoshan Fan until the 1984 Olympic Games, tennis was only classified as performances. To the 1988 Seoul Olympics, tennis was re-classified as official event.
Because the most primitive origins of the sport is in the court, so method of calculation Jiudiqucai is understandable. They can take the clock to Bodong points, every once in the fourth rotation will be the clock, which is 15 points (a quarter, minute), the same token, the clock will be allocated two hours to 30 hours, of course, all They are the basis of convenience. That is 15 points, 30 points of origin.
For 40 minutes, it is relatively strange, it is not a multiple of 15. This is because in English, read for 15 minutes "fifteen", for the two-syllable, and read for 30 minutes "thirty", is also two-syllable, but 45 minutes, in English read for "forty-five", has become three Syllable, when the British people feel that a mouthful, does not conform to "facilitate" principle, then put it into the same for the two-syllable 40 (forty). This seems illogical is the origin of 40 points. Although such a method of calculation seems somewhat strange, but still follow the tradition has been adopted, after all, we have adapted to this method of calculation from the palace.
网球运动的起源和发展
现代网球运动一般包括室内网球和室外网球两种形式。网球运动最早起源于12至13世纪法国传教士在教堂回廊里用手掌击球的一种游戏。后来成为宫廷里的一种室内消遣娱乐活动。也有人认为，网球运动的起源应追溯到“百年战争”（1337年～1453年英法两国战争）以前在法国民间流传的一种名叫海欧·德·巴乌麦的球类游戏。据说这种游戏是两个人进行的，每人各执一个球拍，球场的周围筑有围墙，球撞到墙上后被弹回去，尔后过网。因此，无论从使用的场地和器具上，还是从进行游戏的方法上，它与现代网球运动有许多相似之处，所以有人把它看作是网球运动的原初形态。
到了14世纪中叶，法国的一位诗人把这种球类游戏介绍到法国宫廷中，作为皇室贵族男女的消遣。当时玩这种游戏，场地是宫廷内的大厅，没有网也没有球拍，球是用布卷成圆形后用绳子绑成的。场地中间架起一条绳子为界，利用两手作球拍，把球从绳上丢来丢去，法语叫作Tennez，英语叫作“Takeit！Play”，意即：“抓住！丢过去”，今天“网球（Tennis）”一语即来源于此。不久，木板的球拍被用来代替两手拍球。16世纪初，这项球类游戏被法国国民发现，出于好奇心开始仿效，很快地传播到各大城市，同时改良了用具。球制造得比较耐用，拍子由木板改为羊皮纸板，拍面面积放大，握把的柄也加长。场地中间的绳子，增加无数短绳子向地面垂下，球从绳子下面经过时，可以明显地发觉。后来被法国国王路易斯下令禁止，并规定这是宫廷中的特权游戏。17世纪初，场地中间不再用绳帘，而改用小方格网子，网比帘的作用更好，拍子改用穿线的网拍，富有弹性而且轻巧方便。在法国宫廷中作这种游戏时，球场旁边放置一只金色容器，每次比赛完毕后，观众将金钱投入盘中，作为胜利者的奖品。这种方法起初的用意很好，后来渐渐演变成为一种赌博。开始时数目尚小，久而久之越赌越大，甚至有人因此倾家荡产，于是纠纷迭起，法国国王遂下令禁止再作此种游戏，这就是18世纪初期网球衰败的主要原因。
大约在1358年～1360年间，这种球类游戏从法国传到了英国。英国国王爱德华三世对此特别感兴趣，下令在宫内建造一处室内球场。从此，网球开始在英国流行，成为英国上层社会的一种娱乐活动，所以有“贵族运动”之雅称。这期间流行的主要是室内网球。直到1793年9月29日，在英国的一份《体育运动》杂志上，才有了“场地网球”的叫法。
现代网球运动的历史一般是从1873年开始的。那年，英国人沃尔特·克洛普顿·温菲尔德将早期的网球打法加以改进，使之成为夏天在草坪上进行的一种体育活动，并取名“草地网球”。同年还出版了一本以《草地网球》为题的小册子，对这种活动进行宣传和推广。所以温菲尔德被称为“近代网球的创始人”。此后网球便成为一项室内、户外都能进行的体育项目。同时在英国各地建立网球运动俱乐部。1875年又建立了全英网球运动俱乐部。这个俱乐部建造了世界上的第一个网球场地，并于1877年举办了全英草地网球男子单打锦标赛，即后来闻名于世的温布尔登网球赛。网球运动的广泛开展和比赛活动的日益频繁，没有统一的规则当然是不行的。于是在1876年，由一些地区的著名网球运动俱乐部派出代表，一起开会研究和讨论制定一个全英统一的网球规则。经过多次协商，各方代表终于对网球运动的场地、设备、打法和比赛等方面取得了一致的意见，并形成了一个统一的规则。大约在1878年以后，英国大多数网球俱乐部都逐渐按照新的打法开展活动，进行训练和比赛。
1874年，在百慕大度假的美国女士玛丽·奥特布里奇在观看了英国军官的网球比赛后，对这项体育活动颇感兴趣，于是将网球规则、网拍和网球带到纽约。在美国，网球运动最初是在东部各学校中开展的，不久就传到中部、西部，进而在全美得到普及。此时网球运动已经由草地上演变到可以在沙土上、水泥地上、柏油地上举行比赛，于是“网球（Tennis）”的名称就慢慢替代了“草地网球（LawnTennis）”的名称，这是我们今天网球（Tennis）名称的由来。现代网球运动开展的初期，妇女常被排斥在外，其理由是网球运动不适合于妇女。同时认为妇女参加网球运动，有伤风化。因此早期的网球比赛只设有男子单打和双打两项，不设女子网球项目。但是一些女选手不仅敢于冲破社会舆论和家庭的阻挠，而且技术水平有的还超过了男选手。在一些非正规的单打比赛中常常出现一边是男选手、另一边是女选手的情况。这才迫使一些网球俱乐部不得不破除这一禁令，允许妇女参加这一运动。所以从1879年开始诞生了男女混合双打比赛，这是妇女自身努力奋斗的结果。
1878年，第一次男子双打锦标赛在英格兰举行。1879年，第一次女子单打和混合双打比赛在爱尔兰举行。1884年，温布尔登增加了女子单打和男子双打锦标赛。1913年又增加了女双和混双锦标赛。1881年，世界上出现了第一个全国性的网球协会，即美国全国草地网球协会（“全国”两字于1920年取消）。该会于当年8月31日至9月3日，在罗得岛纽波特港举行第一届美国草地网球男子单打和男子双打锦标赛，采用了温布尔登的比赛规则，参加比赛的有26人。
美国全国草地网协主席德怀特和美国男单冠军西尔斯，也是最早参加温布尔登锦标赛的海外运动员。
1887年，开始举行美国草地网球女子单打锦标赛，女子双打和混合双打分别开始于1890年和1892年。
1891年，法国首次举行男子单打和男子双打锦标赛，参加者限于法国公民，女子单打始于1897年。
1900年，21岁的美国网球运动员戴维斯，为了推动现代网球运动的发展，捐赠了一只黄金村里的纯银大钵，名为戴维斯杯。它后来成为国际网坛声望最高的男子团体锦标赛的永久性的流动奖杯。每年的冠军队和队员的名字刻在杯上，当1920年刻满名字后，戴维斯又捐赠了一只垫盒，以后又增添了两只托盘。
1904年，澳大利亚草地网球协会成立，并于1905年开始主办澳大利亚锦标赛，设男子单打、男子双打两个项目。1922年又增加了女子单打、女子双打和混合双打三项。法国网球锦标赛、英国温布尔登网球锦标赛、美国网球锦标赛和澳大利亚网球锦标赛合在一起是世界上最有声望的“大满贯”网球锦标赛。任何一名选手或一组双打选手能在同一赛季中，赢得这四个锦标赛的冠军时，便获得“大满贯”优胜者的荣誉。
1913年3月1日，由澳大利亚等12个国家的网球协会代表，在巴黎成立了国际网球联合会（ITF），协调国际网球活动，安排全年比赛日程表，修订网球规则并监督它的执行。
1919年，抽签采用“种子”制度。1927年，英国首创无缝网球，使球速加快。1945年至60年代，网球趋向职业化。1963年开始举办女子团体赛——联合会杯赛。1968年温布尔登首先实行不区分业余选手和职业选手的参赛制度。1972年，国际男子职业网球选手协会成立。1973年，国际女子网球协会成立。
1896年在雅典举行的现代第一届奥运会上，网球的男子单打与双打被列为正式比赛项目。后来，由于国际奥委会和国际网球联合会在“业余运动员”问题上有分歧，已经进行了连续七届的奥运会网球比赛项目被取消。直到1984年的洛杉矾奥运会上，网球才被列为表演项目。到1988年的汉城奥运会上，网球重新被列为正式比赛项目。
因为最原始的网球运动是起源于宫廷之中，所以计分方法就地取材是可以理解的。他们拿可以拨动的时钟来计分，每得一次分就将时钟转动四分之一，也就是15分(a quarter，一刻)，同理，得两次分就将时钟拨至30分，当然一切都是以他们的方便为基础。这就是15分、30分的由来。
至于40分，它比较怪异，它不是15的倍数。这是因为在英文中，15分念作"fifteen"，为双音节，而30分念作"thirty"，也是双音节；但