有几段英语,求助,翻译,谢谢了.In ancient time the most important examinations were spoken , not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud or giving speeches. In the European univer

有几段英语,求助,翻译,谢谢了.In ancient time the most important examinations were spoken , not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud or giving speeches. In the European univer
有几段英语,求助,翻译,谢谢了.
In ancient time the most important examinations were spoken , not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud or giving speeches.
In the European universities of the Middle Ages, the students who were working for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study of the subject. This custom exists today as part of the work testing candidates for a master’s or doctor’s degree.
Generally, however, modern examinations are written. Two types of tests are commonly used in modern schools. The first types sometimes called an objective test, it is intended to deal with facts, not personal opinions. To make up an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like answers to students who have not learned the material properly.
The student has just one task: he must recognize the correct answer and copy its letter or number on his paper.
For testing a student’s memory of facts and details, the objective test has advantages. It can find out a great deal about the student’s range of knowledge.
For testing some kinds of learning, however, such test is not very satisfactory. A lucky student may guess the correct without really knowing the material.

有几段英语,求助,翻译,谢谢了.In ancient time the most important examinations were spoken , not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud or giving speeches. In the European univer
在古时候最重要的考试,讲了,不写.在古希腊和罗马的学校,测试通常包括大声说诗歌或给予演讲.
在中世纪的欧洲大学,学生谁属高级学位的工作,讨论了他们对这个问题的研究领域的问题.这种习俗的存在今天的工作的一部分,测试考生的硕士或博士学位.
但是,总的来说,现代的书面考试.两种类型的测试中常用的现代学校.第一类型有时称为客观的测试,这是为了对付事实,而不是个人的意见.为了弥补客观测试的老师写了一系列的问题,每个只有一个正确答案.随着每一个问题的正确答案写老师,也是三个语句要谁没有学到正确的材料学生寻找答案.
学生只有一个任务：他必须认识到正确的答案,他的文件复制其字母或数字.
为了测试学生的事实和细节的记忆,在客观测试方面具有优势.它可以找到一个关于学生的知识范围很大.
对于某些类型的学习测试,然而,这种测试不是很理想.一个幸运的学生可能没有真正想知道正确的材料

我只会第一段：
在很久以前，最重要的考试是说而不是写。在古希腊和罗马的学校里，考试经常包括大声朗诵诗歌或发表演讲。

这篇难度中上，内容挺有意思。可惜楼上都有机译对付了。相信你对我的指导译文满意：
专家系统通过‘如果-那么-不然’这组规则来代表知识。命题通过发现一连串规则来发现。这可以通过前进或后退链。在向前链，专家系统在处理若干明确界定的问题方面，获得了一定程度的成功。不过，也遭遇过很多失败。
system that will replace them大多数的问题源于难以获得一套一致、完整的规则...

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这篇难度中上，内容挺有意思。可惜楼上都有机译对付了。相信你对我的指导译文满意：
专家系统通过‘如果-那么-不然’这组规则来代表知识。命题通过发现一连串规则来发现。这可以通过前进或后退链。在向前链，专家系统在处理若干明确界定的问题方面，获得了一定程度的成功。不过，也遭遇过很多失败。
system that will replace them大多数的问题源于难以获得一套一致、完整的规则。规则采集过程中需要两位专家的相互作用:一名知识工程师和一名地域专家。在这一过程中会有几个问题。第一,地域专家不一定充分合作。毕竟,是在要求地域专家参与研究开发一个要用计算机取代他们的系统。领域专家们往往显得持不合作的太多；他们简直就不能创造出一套规则解释若干事情是怎么办的。从一个观点来看,只有鸡毛蒜皮的小事也能被归纳为一套规则,人类智慧的所有重要方面是不能用一套简单的规则来表示的，因为作为人的专家知识经常是以自然语言表现的，里面包含着不精确性或含糊不清的信息。

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