我是初中生,谁能帮我辅导一下英语里的丛句,主要是定语状语宾语!

我是初中生,谁能帮我辅导一下英语里的丛句,主要是定语状语宾语!
我是初中生,谁能帮我辅导一下英语里的丛句,主要是定语状语宾语!

我是初中生,谁能帮我辅导一下英语里的丛句,主要是定语状语宾语!
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词.定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出.
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等.
关系副词有：when, where, why等.
1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致.
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙.
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书.
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣.（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了.(which / that在句中作宾语）
2 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语.
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了.
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方.
3 判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词.及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词.例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题,再显示答案,横线；用不同的颜色表示出.）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起.此两题错在关系词的误用上.
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词.
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D,例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D.
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语.而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A.
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) .
4 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种.限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子.（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的.（非限制性）
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师.
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园.
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍.
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦.
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发.
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句.
5 介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略.
2）that前不能有介词.
3） 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换.
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
6 as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that.As一般放在句首,which在句中.
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接.况且选he句意不通.
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B.which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可.That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通.
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语.但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可.
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which..
在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B.
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样…….
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有'正如'.
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词.例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式.
7 先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
8 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时 ,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词.宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略.What只能引导名词性从 句, 用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略.
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
9 关系代词that 的用法
1）不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时.
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用.
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which.
b) 在不定代词,如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which.
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that.
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that..
e) 先行词既有人,又有物时.
举例：
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察.
状语从句
状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当,来修饰主句中的动词,形容词或副词等.状语从句
都由从属连词引导,与主句连接,放在句末时,一般不在前面加逗号.
状语从句根据它表示的意思可分为时间,原因,条件,比较,结果,目的等类.下面我们拣重点
的一个一个来分析.
时间状语从句：是由when, as, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as 等从
属连词引导的状语从句.
时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用一般将来时,只能用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作或
存在的状态.
如:I will call you as soon as I arrive there.
原因状语从句： because, since, as和for都表示原因.常常令我们不知该用哪个好.我们来
比较一下.
because语势最强,回答why提出的问题,用来说明人所不知的原因.当能够很明显的看出原因
或人们已知原因,就用as或since.
如：I don't like that coat,because the color looks terrible.
由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替.但如果不是说明直
接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for.
如：He is not here, because / for his mother is ill.
目的状语从句：表示目的状语的从句可以由in order that, so that,等词引导.如：
You must raise your voice so that/in order that everybody can hear you clearly.
结果状语从句：结果状语从句常由so...that 或 such...that引导,要掌握和区分这两个句型,
首先要了解so和such后面分别跟什么词.such是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修
饰形容词或副词.so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配.
如：The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.
让步状语从句：是由though, although 引导的状语从句.
though, although 和 but不能同时使用.
Although it rained, they had a good time.
宾语从句考点归纳
复习目标：
1．掌握引导宾语从句的各种连词
2．掌握宾语从句的语序——主句+连接词+主语+谓语
3．掌握宾语从句,主句与从句在时态上的呼应.
重点：语序和时态呼应
难点：语序和时态呼应；与疑问词+不定式的转化；与状语从句的辨析
考点梳理：
一、宾语从句的连接词
1．连词that,只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中常被省略.
eg. He knew （that） he should work hard.
2．连词if 、whether,它们起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,作“是否”解,在口语中多用if.
eg. Tom don't know if/whether his grandpa liked the present.
He asked me whether or not I was coming.
一般情况下,if 和whether可以互换,但以下3种情况只能用whether：
①在不定式前：Whether to go there or not hasn't been decided.
②在介词前：It depends on（依靠） whether it is going to rain.
③与or not连用：They are talking about whether to go there or not.
3．连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which,连接副词when, where, why, how, 它们起连接作用,作句子成分,各有自己的意义.
eg. The teacher asked the new students which class he was in.
I wonder where he got so much money.
【注意】
1．由连接代、副词引导的宾语从句可以和“疑问词+不定式”结构转化.
eg. I don't know how I should do with the presents. ==> I don't know how to do with the presents.
2．要注意区分判断由if、when引导的从句类型.
二、宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序是陈述语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”.特别强调：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序,而不是疑问句的倒装结构.
Can you tell me who（m） do we have to see?（╳）
Can you tell me who（m） we have to see?（ √）
The teacher asked the students what they were doing.（思考: what在从句中的成分）
陈述句变为宾语从句时,要注意人称和时态的变化,语序不变. eg. She said, “I will leave a message on the desk.” → She said she would leave a message on the desk.
一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时,也要注意人称和时态的变化,后面接陈述语序.Eg. “Where are the tickets?” I asked him. → I asked him where the tickets are.
三、宾语从句的时态呼应
宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受到主句谓语时态的制约,此为时态呼应.如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时,从句谓语的时态不受限制；如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时,从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）.
eg. I thought （that） you are free today. （╳）
I thought （that） you would be free today. （ √）
【注意】当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时,不管主句谓语的时态如何,从句都用一般现在时.
eg. The teacher told us （that） the earth moves around the sun.
四．其他需要说明的问题
1．标点由主句决定,如主句是陈述句、祈使句,则用句号；是疑问句则用问号.
eg. I heard she had been to the Great Wall. Can you tell me which bus I should take?
2．要注意个别句子中主从句人称的一致.
▲五．宾语从句和状语从句的区分
eg. 1） I will go out tomorrow if it is fine.
2） I don't know if the train has arrived.
句1）中if引导的是状语从句.这个从句表示“条件”,修饰主句.整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好,我就出去.句2）中if引导的是宾语从句,充当谓语动词don't know的宾语.整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否到达.
判断方法：
1．可以从整个句式看.状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面（个别除外）,宾语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后.
2．从引导词看.if充当宾语从句的连接词时,相当于whether, 词义为“是否”,充当状语从句的连接词时,词义为“如果”.when充当宾语从句的连接词时,意为“什么时候”,充当状语从句的连接词时,意为“当……的时候”.
3．从时态看.if和when作连接词时,引导宾语从句要注意：从句的谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化.if和when充当从属连词时,引导条件和时间状语从句,若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时,则从句的时态应用一般现在时表示将来.
【课外巩固】
1．《中考捷径》第21讲,课内练习选择题,3,4,5,6,7,11,12,第41讲例题、课内练习,课外练习三.
2．《复习导引》26页第3大题,27页第4大题,28页第5大题1,2,3,4,5
同步检测
一、用合适的连接词填空
1. Wang Hai told me _____ he didn't go cycling yesterday afternoon.（how, why）
2. Can you tell me ______ else is going to be on duty today?（who, whom）
3. She said _____ it wouldn't matter much.（that, if）
4. He always thinks ______ he can do better.（how, who）
5. I really don't know ________ the bridge will be finished.（how long, how soon）
6. They don't know _______ we are going hiking.
7. She wanted to know _______ her coat would be ready the next day.
8. I was really surprised at ______ I saw.
9. I don't know ______ so many people crowding round him
10. Do you know ______ shirt it is?
二、句型转换
1. When does the train arrive? Please tell me.（改为宾语从句） →
Please tell me ________ _________ ________ _________.
2. What does he do? Do you know? （改为宾语从句）→
Do you know _______ he _______?
3. Do they want fried chicken? He asked the boys. （改为宾语从句） →
He asked the boys _______ they ______ fried chicken.
4. Was the watch made in Shanghai? I don't know. （改为宾语从句）→
I don't know _______ the watch _______ made in Shanghai.
5. “Do you want to try something new?” Tom's mother asked him. （同义句）→
Tom's mother asked him _______ _______ _______ to try something new.
6. I think this is a good idea.（改为否定句） →
I _______ ________ this ________ a good idea.
7. Lucy hasn't decided which trousers to buy.（改为复合句） →
Lucy hasn't decided ________ _________ ________ _______ buy.
8. I don't know how I can get to the hospital.（改为简单句） →
I don't know ________ ________ ________ to the hospital.
三、选择题
1. I don't know _____ he will be back home.
A. who B. what C. when D. where
2. Could you tell me ___________?
A. where do you live B. who you are waiting for
C. who were you waiting for D. where you live in
3. Do you still remember _______?
A. that he said B. what he said C. did he say that D. what did he say
4. I can't understand ______the boy alone.
A. why she left B. why did she leave C. why she had left D. why had she left
5. She told me the sun ______ in the east.
A. rise B. rose C. rises D. had risen
6. They tried to find out ______ the new train ________.
A. how far/ had gone B. how long/ has gone
C. how far/ went D. how far had/ run
7. The manager came up to see __________.
A. what was the matter B. what the matter was
C. what the matter is D. what's the matter
8. Can you tell me ___________?
A. where are you doing B. where do you study
C. where you were doing D. where yu study
9. I can't understand _______ the boy alone.
A. why she let B. why did she leave C. why had she left D. why she had left
10. He asked his father _______.
A. where it happens B. where did it happen
C. how it happened D. how did it happen
11. No one tells us______, so we need your help.
A. how we should do B. what should we do
C. how to do it D. what to do it
12. Could you please teach me _______ the computer.
A. how check B. to check C. how to check D. to how checking
13. _______ he'll come or not isn't important.
A. Why B. If C. Whether D. What
14. Would you like to know _______they will do it or not.
A. if B. that C. whether D. why
15. —Where do you think _____ he ____ the TV set? — Sorry, I've no idea.
A./, bought B. has, bought C. did, buy D. did bought
16. Our homework has changed a lot. Who can tell _____ it would be like in _____ five years.
A. how, another B. what, more C. how , other D. what, another
17. — Could you tell me ______? — Yes. He ____ to the USA.
A. where is he/ has been B. where he is/ has gone
C. where was he/ has been D. where he was/ has gone
18. —Mike wants to know if ____ a picnic tomorrow.
—Yes. But if it _______, we'll visit the museum instead.
A. you have/ will rain B. you will have/ will rain
C. you will have/ rains D. will you have/ rains
19. I don't know if he ______tomorrow. If he ________, I'll meet him.
A. will come/ comes B. comes/ comes C. will come/ will come D. comes/ will come
20. I really don't know if she _______ it when she ________.
A. finds/ arrives B. finds/ will arrive