英语翻译1)Before making the final-location survey,you should make office studies consisting of the preparation of a map from preliminary survey data,projection of a tentative alignment and profile,and preliminary estimates of quantities and costs

英语翻译1)Before making the final-location survey,you should make office studies consisting of the preparation of a map from preliminary survey data,projection of a tentative alignment and profile,and preliminary estimates of quantities and costs
英语翻译
1)Before making the final-location survey,you should make office studies consisting of the preparation of a map from preliminary survey data,projection of a tentative alignment and profile,and preliminary estimates of quantities and costs.Use this information as a guide for the final location phase.The final location in the field is carefully established by your transit party,using the paper location prepared from the preliminary survey.The center line may vary from the paper location because of objects or conditions that were not previously considered,but these changes should not be made by you,the surveyor,without the authority of the engineering officer.
2)Traditionally,highway location practice has been field-oriented,that is,the bulk of the location party's time and oeffort went to measurement and observation "on the ground".Reconnaissance of the area was the first step; the location,using available topographic maps and sometime an airplane,explored the area.His aim was to search out feasible routes and determine such primary controls as mountain passes or suitable river crossings and to locate major obstacles such as steep slopes or marshes.Reconnaissance of feasible routes came second.Each of routes was covered on foot and rough measures of relative length,difficulty,and cost were taken.Where rate of climb was critical,slopes were measured with a hand level or some comparable instrument.Distances and angles commonly were measured by transit(经纬仪) and taping(钢尺) methods

英语翻译1)Before making the final-location survey,you should make office studies consisting of the preparation of a map from preliminary survey data,projection of a tentative alignment and profile,and preliminary estimates of quantities and costs
使final-location调查之前,你应该让办公室的制备研究组成的一个初步调查数据上的投影,初步对齐和剖面,初步估计量和单位的成本.用这些信息来指导最后位置阶段.最后位置在领域建立了交通仔细你方,利用纸质地点准备初步调查.中线位置可能会有所变动,从本文对物体或条件,因为以前从未被考虑之中,但是这些变化,不应由你,公证行,即没有权威的工程军官.
传统上,实践已成为公路位置矢量,那就是大量的位置党的时间和oeffort去测量和观察"了地面.侦察的区域是第一步;场地,可使用地形图,有时候一架飞机,探索了该地区.他的目的是找出可行的路线和确定主要控制或合适的河流,而山顶十字路口,寻找主要的障碍,如陡边坡或沼泽地带.侦察切实可行的路线跑第二.路线覆盖了每一个步行的措施、粗糙的相对长度、困难和成本了.在攀爬是关键,速度、边坡进行测量,用一只手或相当水平的乐器.一般的距离和角度用交通(经纬仪)和胶布(钢尺)的方法

1)使终点调查之前,你应该让办公室的制备研究组成的一个初步调查数据上的投影,初步对齐和剖面,初步估计量和单位的成本。用这些信息来指导最后位置阶段。最后位置在领域建立了交通仔细你方,利用纸质地点准备初步调查。中线位置可能会有所变动,从本文对物体或条件,因为以前从未被考虑之中,但是这些变化,不应由你,公证行,即没有权威的工程军官。
(2)传统上,实践已成为公路位置矢量,那就是大量的位置党的时间...

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1)使终点调查之前,你应该让办公室的制备研究组成的一个初步调查数据上的投影,初步对齐和剖面,初步估计量和单位的成本。用这些信息来指导最后位置阶段。最后位置在领域建立了交通仔细你方,利用纸质地点准备初步调查。中线位置可能会有所变动,从本文对物体或条件,因为以前从未被考虑之中,但是这些变化,不应由你,公证行,即没有权威的工程军官。
(2)传统上,实践已成为公路位置矢量,那就是大量的位置党的时间和oeffort去测量和观察"了地面。侦察的区域是第一步;场地,可使用地形图,有时候一架飞机,探索了该地区。他的目的是找出可行的路线和确定主要控制或合适的河流,而山顶十字路口,寻找主要的障碍,如陡边坡或沼泽地带。侦察切实可行的路线跑第二。路线覆盖了每一个步行的措施、粗糙的相对长度、困难和成本了。在攀爬是关键,速度、边坡进行测量,用一只手或相当水平的乐器。一般的距离和角度用交通(经纬仪)和胶布(钢尺)的方法

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