伊斯兰教 逊尼派 什叶派 苏菲派的区别一段介绍就可以 最好有英文版的

伊斯兰教 逊尼派 什叶派 苏菲派的区别一段介绍就可以 最好有英文版的
伊斯兰教 逊尼派 什叶派 苏菲派的区别
一段介绍就可以 最好有英文版的

伊斯兰教 逊尼派 什叶派 苏菲派的区别一段介绍就可以 最好有英文版的
公元610年由阿拉伯人穆罕默德创建了伊斯兰教.公元632年,穆罕默德去世后,他的信徒们在继承权问题上发生了激烈的争执.一派主张继承人应由穆斯林公社根据资历、威望选举产生.因而认为穆罕默德的门徒、由穆斯林公社推选的哈里法（政教合一的领袖,共四人）是合法继承人.拥护这个主张的穆斯林即后来的“逊尼派”.该派把穆罕默德早期追随者的言论和事迹编成一本书———《圣训经》,称为《逊奈》.“逊尼派”的名称即由此而来.目前,全世界伊斯兰教穆斯林90%属于这一派.他们广泛分布在西亚、北非的大多数阿拉伯国家,并自称“正统派”.
另一部分人,主张世袭原则,认为穆罕默德的堂弟、女婿阿里作为合法继承人符合世袭原则.支持这一主张的穆斯林后来被称为什叶派.全世界10%的穆斯林属这一派.其中近一半在伊朗.什叶派否认逊尼派所拥戴的哈里法作为宗教领袖的合法性,称宗教领袖的最高领袖为伊玛姆,阿里为第一任伊玛姆.此后,直到第12代伊玛姆,均是阿里的嫡传子孙.
Sunni Islam, one of the two main branches of Islam. Shia Islam is the other. Sunni Muslims constitute the vast majority in the world Islamic community (see Islam). The term sunna means the “way” or the “example” and refers to the example of the Prophet Muhammad. All Islamic groups and sects, however, accept the Sunna, along with the Qur'an (Koran), the sacred scriptures of Islam, as binding. Because it means the “way,” the term sunna may also be intended to distinguish mainstream Muslims from Shia Muslims, who follow a side path.
The two main branches of Islam differ primarily in their beliefs about the succession to Muhammad. Sunni Muslims believe that Muhammad intended that the Muslim community choose a successor, or caliph, by consensus to lead the theocracy (earthly kingdom under divine rule) he had set up. Shia Muslims, also known as Shias, believe that Muhammad chose his son-in-law, Ali, as his successor, and that only the descendents of Ali and his wife, Fatima, were entitled to rule the Muslim community. There are also differences between the two branches in interpretation of the Qur’an.
The doctrines of Sunni Islam were formed toward the end of the 9th century, and its theology was developed as a complete system during the 10th century. Both developments occurred, in large measure, as reactions to early schismatic movements, such as the Kharijites, Mutazilites, and Shias. The inclusive Sunni definition of a Muslim, for instance, was conceived in reaction to the narrow extremism of the Kharijites. The strong Sunni emphasis on God's power, will, and determination of human fate developed in reaction to the Mutazilite insistence on the absolute freedom of the human will. Sunni political doctrines emerged in the struggle against the legitimism espoused by the Shias in the dispute over the succession to Muhammad (see Caliphate). Various nuances of interpretation and different schools have developed within Sunni theology, the Sunni tendency having been to accommodate minor differences of opinion and to affirm the consensus of the community in doctrinal matters. Four schools of law also developed in the Sunni tradition: the Shafi'i, the Hanafi, the Maliki, and the Hanbali.