人不犯我我不犯人英语

篇一：人不犯我,我不犯人期

人不犯我，我不犯人期 Tit for tat is fair play.

人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人。

原文来自 必克英语http://bbs.spiiker.com/topic-9994.html

篇二：英汉句式区别与翻译

Chapter 2 Major Differences in Sentence Patterns between Chinese and English

Objectives:

By the end of this chapter, students are expected to be able to:

1. Know basic differences between Chinese and English sentences;

2. Learn about basic translation methods ;

3. Translate between Chinese and English sentences and

4. Appreciate successful translation and tell the reasons.

Main contents

Major Differences in Sentence Patterns between Chinese and English

I.Hypotactic vs paratactic （形合与意合）

Hypotactic----the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives.

Paratactic----The arranging of clauses one after another without connectives showing the logical relation between them.

English tends to be hypotactic while Chinese tends to be paratactic. We should remember the tendency in the two languages is relative not absolute. The structure of English is compared to a tree with various branches on different levels, while the Chinese one is compared to a bamboo with one part after another.

e.g. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us: that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly revolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. (Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address ) (我们应该做的是献身于他们留给我们的伟大任务。我们的先烈已将自己的全部精诚付与我们的事业，我们应从他们的榜样中汲取更多的精神力量，努力使他们的鲜血不致白流。在上帝的保佑下，自由将得到新生。我们这个民有、民治、民享的政府将永存于世上。) 两种特征形成的效果是，英语结构紧凑严密；而汉语结构简练明快。英语好像一棵参天大树，一串葡萄，一串珍珠；汉语好比一根竹子，一盘珠子，一波江涛。具体说来，在英语中，主干突出，即主谓机制突出，名词尤其是抽象名词用得多，介词也用得多，英语在表达复杂的思想时，往往开门见山，然后借用英语特有的词汇关系代词，把各个句子有机地结合起来，构成一串串葡萄似的句子。主干可能简单，但上面却借着累累硕果。如：

(1) The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.

译文：由于距离远，有缺乏交通工具，是农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。

(2) It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead.(from How to Grow Old)

译文：为美好的往昔而遗憾，为逝去的朋友而哀伤，是没有用的。

(3)Man proposes, God disposes. (paratactic)

谋事在人，成事在天。

翻译实例：汉语的意合到英语的形合

(4)中国将努力促进粮食生产，正常情况下粮食自给率不低于95％。

China endeavors to increase its grain production, so that its self-sufficiency rate under normal conditions will be no lower than 95%.

(5)他来，我走。

He comes, I go.【错句】

If he comes, I will leave.

Since he has come, I will leave.

As soon as he comes, I will leave.

(6)门开了，学生们一涌而入。

When the door opened, the students rushed in.

The door opened and the students came crowding in.

翻译实例：英语意合到汉语意合

(7)Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him.

跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。

(8)Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell.

打死我也不说。

(9)Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.

谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。

(10)If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

冬天来了，春天还会远吗？

(11)We will not attack unless we are attacked.

人不犯我，我不犯人。

翻译实例：英语意合到汉语形合

(12)Grasp all, lose all.

贪多必失。

(13)Sure bind, sure find.

若想东西好找，事先必须放好。

II. Stactic vs paratactic

Stactic---- English tends to use nouns (including abtracts nouns), prepositions to express some ideas which would be expressed by verbs in Chinese(dynamic).

(14)A woman with fair opportunities, and without an an absolute hump, may marry whom she likes. (Vanity Fair)

译文：一个女人只要有机会好，又不是很驼背，想嫁给谁都行。

(15) Carlisle street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.(pay attention to the use of prepositions)

译文：卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉点，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着一大片绿色草地中止。（注意汉语句子在表达相应内容时用的是动词）

In Chinese , verbs does not need any morphological change, therefore, it is very convenient to use

Chinese verbs, especially for dynamic description.

晴文先接了出来，笑道：“叫我研了墨，早起高兴，只写了三个字，扔下笔就走了，哄我等了这一天，快来给写完了这些墨才算呢！”

(16)He could not help, too, rolling his large eyes round him as he ate, and chuckling with the possibility that he might one day be lord of all this scene of almost unimaginable luxury and splendour.

译文：他一边吃，一边瞪着大眼睛环顾四周，不禁暗自发笑，眼前这一派富丽奢华，说不定某一天会统统落进我的掌心。

III. Impersonal vs Personal （人称和物称）

Impersonal----not showing any feelings of sympathy, friendliness. An impersonal sentence or verb is one where the subject or object is represented by a word such as “it”.(人称)

(17)It was surprising that I met her that time.

(18)The year of 1949 witnessed this accident.

(19)My heart went out to the old warrior as spectators pushed by him to shake Darrow’s hand. (比较：当观众从他身边挤过去与道拉握手时，我都同情起这位沙场老将起来。)

(20)(I am much less selfish and more peaceful, I think.) When there are so many animals that need to be taken care of, it takes the focus off me. (WE, 2001/2,p56) （英语中即便是涉及自己的事情，仍然可以用不带感情色彩的表达方式）

译文：因为有许多动物要照料，我没有时间关注自己的事了。

（汉语译文体现更多的个人色彩）

Compare the following pairs:

I hope… (personal)

It is my hope that … (impersonal)

There are 4 members in his family. (impersonal)

He has 4 members in his family (personal)

IV.Abstract vs Concrete

(21)Men feel happier knowing that their wife is having as much medical attention as possible despite the fact that what their wives actually need is some peace and the freedom to shout and scream without being made to feel self-conscious. (WE,2001,1,P68~69)

（注意men是否可以有多种译法。freedom 的理解和翻译没有和后面的without being made to feel self-conscious联系起来，太抽象, 此处宜用比较具体的说法。）

译文：当作丈夫的得知他们的妻子正在得到理想的医疗护理时，他们会感到好受些。但是，他们却忽视了一点，事实上，妻子真正需要的是适当的安静，无拘无束地喊叫。

To use verbs to substitute for actions nouns

(22) I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain.

雨无情地下个不停，我感到惊异。

(23) He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions.

在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面。

(24) These problems defy easy classification.

这些问题难以归类。

(25) Lasar is one of the most sensational developments in recent year, because of its applicability to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical uses.

激光可以应用于许多科学领域，又适合于各种实际用途，因此成了近年来轰动一时的 科学成就之一。

(26) The basilica is a conglomeration of contrary styles and periods.

这座王宫把不同时期的不同建筑风格融为一体。

To use category words to substitute for abstract nouns

(27) We have winked at these irregularities too long.

我们对这些越轨行为宽容得太久了。

(28) He was described as impressed by Deng’s flexibility.

据说他对邓的灵活态度印象很深。

(29)The sight of his native place called back his childhood.

见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。

(30) Both we and the Chinese approached that first opening toward each other with caution, uncertainty, even trepidation.

我们和中国人双方都是怀着谨慎、不安甚至惶恐的心情。

To use concrete terms to explicit the abstract meanings

(31) No country should claim infallibility.

任何国家都不应自称一贯正确。

(32) She wondered whether her outspokenness might be a liability to Franklin.

她怀疑自己那么心直口快，是否会成为弗朗克林的包袱。

(33) A foretastes of seriousness of incivility is suggested by what has been happening in Houston. 休斯顿所发生的情况预示：如果不讲文明，讲产生何种严重后果。

To use figurative terms to express abstract ideas

(34) He was open now to charges of willful blindness.

这时人们指责他装聋作哑。

(35) He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation.

他等着他，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。

(36)All the critical twiddle-twaddle about style and form is mere impertinence and mostly dull jargon.

所有这些有关文体和体裁的蠢话，只是风马牛不相及的胡扯，多半是枯燥无味、玩弄述语的评论。

(37) Many men have recognized the similarity of plants to the behavior of animals, and have dreamed wistfully, but forlornly, upon some method or source of rejuvenation such as Ponce de Leon sought in the Fountain of Youth several centuries ago.

许多人认为，植物的习性与动物相似，于是梦寐以求的探讨什么“返老还童”的“灵丹妙药”，就像数百年前，彭斯·德·里昂在青春泉祈求仙水一样，结果只能是竹篮打水。

V. Subject-oriented vs topic-oriented (主语vs主题)

In English, a sentence usually should have a subject, while in Chinese it is not the case. In English-Chinese translation, it is advisable to avoid using the unnecessary subject to follow the Chinese rule. On the contrary, in Chinese-English translation, it is essential to analyze the internal logical relationship between different parts and then choose proper part as a subject.

(38) I haven’t the slightest idea about this matter at this moment.

(39)他的左眼瞎了。

(40)中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。

参考翻译： 这件事情在我脑子里一点印象也没有。

He is blind in the left eye.

The prosperity and development of China will pose no threat to any other nations.

A strong, prosperous and developed China will pose no threat to any other nation.

VI. Focus position

In a complex sentence, the most important information is expressed by the main clause which is usually placed in the front of the sentence where the focus of the information is put. In Chinese, the various constituents are arranged according to a kind of logical relation or in chronological order and the most important information is emphasized at the end of the sentence. Compare the following pairs:

(41)Nothing has happened since we parted.

自我们别后没发生什么事情。

(42)I went out for a walk after I had my dinner.

吃晚饭后我出去散步。

(43)He has to stay at home because he is ill.

他病了，只得呆在家了。

(44)Tragedies can be written in literature since there are tragedies in life.

生活中既有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。

(45)His chief contribution was making me realize how much more than knowledge I had been getting from him.

他使我认识到，我从他那里学到的，远远不止是知识，这是他最大的贡献。

（说明：在英语中先出现重要信息his chief contribution, 然后再作具体分析，也就是先提出结论，再加以阐述。而汉语则不同，先进行阐述，然后进行归纳，下结论。）

(46)The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.

译文：如果人民只要敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器并掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能打败大国的侵略。

（说明：一个状语从句虽长，只是说明条件，因此不是主要的，所以放在主句后。汉译时，则强调逻辑顺序，现出先条件，再出现结果。如果有叙事部分，有表态部分，汉语是先把事务或情况讲清楚，最后来个简短的表态或者评论；英语则相反，先表态，然后才说发生了什么事情。）例：

(47)It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I intended to pay to China in January.

译文：我原来打算在几年元月份访问中国，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常失望。

篇三：英语翻译资料

英语翻译资料

Try your hands(小试牛刀)

? 不同的人喜欢不同的音乐。

? 老年人喜欢古典音乐，年轻人喜欢流行音乐。

? 1. Different people like different music.

? 2. The old like classical music.

? 3. The young like popular music.

? 思考: 重复的表达是什么？话题是人还是音乐？

? People’s music preferences vary a lot.

Classical music appeals to the elderly; whereas popular music caters to the young.

Variations for “喜欢”

? like

? enjoy

? prefer

? favor

? be in favor of

? be fond of

? be crazy about

? be keen on

……

? to one’s taste

? cater to

? appeal to

Variations for “我认为”

? I think…?

? I believe/ argue/ insist/ claim/maintain/hold/ deem/ As I see it,/ In my opinion,/ From my point of view,/ As to me,/ As for me,/ As regards me,/ When it comes to me,/As far as I am concerned,…

Homework: variations

? 我们必须（应该）

? We should (must, have to……）

? We are supposed to do sth.

? We are obliged to do sth.

? We are compelled (forced) to do sth.

? Necessity compels us to do sth.

? It is necessary for us to do sth.

? It is essential (primary) for us to do sth.

? It is our task (duty, job) for us to do sth.

? It is advisable for us to do sth.

Unit 1: Text A

4 1. Concentrate! Top students allow no interruptions of their study time. Once the books are open, phone calls go unanswered, TV unwatched and newspapers unread. “This doesn’t mean ignoring important things in your life,” Amanda explains. “It means planning your study time so

that you can concentrate. If I’m worried about a sick friend, I call her before I start my homework. Then when I sit down to study, I can really focus.”

Question

? Variations for the same idea （专心致志）

? 1. concentrate

? 2. allow no interruption

? 3. go unanswered/unwatched/unread

? 4. ignore any other things

? 5. focus

6. direct one’s attention toward/on sth.

Variations for fluent English

? 尖子学生学习时不允许别人打扰。

? 1. Top students don’t allow others to interrupt them when they study.

2. Top students allow no interruption of their study time

Language Points

Examples: 1）没有听到孩子的哭声。

Nobody heard the baby’s cry.

The baby’s cry went unheard.

2) 没有人参加婚礼。

Nobody attended the meeting.

The wedding went unattended.

3) 桌子上所有的书没有一个人动。

Nobody touched the books.

All the books on the table went untouched.

XI. Complete the following sentences after the model.

1. So many people went to the meeting that Tom’s absence (缺席) _____________. (notice) went unnoticed

2. That is not to say that the crime will______________. (punish) (逍遥法外，天网恢恢，疏而不漏) go unpunished

3. We must not allow any of our mistakes to ____________. (correct) (听之任之） Go uncorrected

4. It’s especially rewarding to give praise in areas in which effort generally ___________or _______________. (notice, mention) （默默无闻的人们）

go unnoticed go unmentioned

5. Police are worded that many crimes_______________. (report)

（没有保案） go unreported

? Only the thought of his mother gave him the strength to go on doing it.

? 他想起了母亲，才鼓足了勇气继续干下去。

? The want of his family had kept him from school, and he seemed to feel the loss.

? 他因家境贫寒失学，似乎感到了失学之苦。

? Careful comparison of them will show you the differences.

? 你只消仔细比较一下，就会发现不同。

?

?

?

?

? The morning sun greeted us as we came out on deck. 登上甲板，我们便见到了一轮旭日。 He gave up all the hope when the appearance of a distant sail candled his hope of rescue. 他绝望了，正在此时，他看到了远方的帆影，点燃了绝处逢生的希望。 Thus the gathering dark often finds me hastening home in a hurrying crowd. It is the longing

to be home that quickens my step.

? 于是，暮色中匆匆的人群里，总有我赶路的身影，只盼着早些回家。

? Wisdom prepares for the worst; but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes.

? [译文] 聪明人防患于未然，愚蠢者临渴掘井。

? 如The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments. (= No news is

good news. 没有消息就是好消息。）

? 1.I would not believe what he said.

? 他的话，我可不信。

? 2.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting.

会上讲了什么，我一点没记住

? 3.I know Mr. Wang.

王先生我认识。

4.He is the best singer.

唱歌，他是最棒的

? 在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一株也是枣树。《秋夜》--鲁

迅

? In our backyard, there stood two trees; one was a Chinese jujube, the other a Chinese jujube

too.

? In our backyard, there stood two Chinese jujubes

? 今天晚上，很好的月光 。《狂人日记》--鲁迅

The moon is extremely bright tonight.

1.Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him.

跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。

2. Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell.

打死我也不说。

3. Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.

谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。

4. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

冬天来了，春天还会远吗？

5. We will not attack unless we are attacked.

人不犯我，我不犯人。

? I knew my command of English was my asset, for I might make a deal with a pianist who

would give me access to his piano in exchange for English lessons.

? 我懂英语， 我知道这是我的本钱，我可以和有钢琴的人 进行互助，我教他英语他教

我钢琴。

对比提高

? 一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。

? There was an Englishman. He could not speak Chinese. He was once traveling in China. ? An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China.

汉语重意合，疏放流散

? 我们过了江，进了车站。我买票，他忙着照看行李。（朱自清《背影》)

? We entered the railway station after crossing the River. While I was at the booking office

buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage.

? We crossed the Yangtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my

luggage.

? 1. As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.

（由于）天气很好，我们决定去爬山。

? 2. My sister was expecting me, so I had to go now.

我妹妹在等我，我得走了。

? 3. A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon

by an external force.

? 没有外力的作用，运动的物体就连续做匀速直线运动。

4. We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin.

我们看见了一只知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。

The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.

[参考译文] 男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。

1. The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elepants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented.

? 月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在跑来跑去，我们用已经发明的

最高倍率的望远镜也不能看到它们。

2. Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the Declaration on Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the father of the University of Virginia.

1826年杰斐逊逝世。按他生前遗愿，在他墓地的石碑上刻着：独立宣言和弗吉尼亚州信教自由法令的作者，弗吉尼亚大学创建人之墓。

? 让世界了解中国，让中国走向世界。

Let the other people of the rest of the world know China. Let China make close contact with the rest of the world.

? No one is satisfied with his favoritism in his work.

? [译文1] 没有人对他在工作中的偏爱感到满意。

? [译文2] 对他在工作中表现出来的徇私作风谁都感到不满意。

? 1. A son, a job and housekeeping forced romance out.

有了儿子，又要工作，又要做家务，就不能卿卿我我了。

? 2. But there had been too much publicity about my case.

但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨、人人皆知了。

? 3. The complexity of the human situation and the injustice of the social order demand far

more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.

和有些政客们在演讲中愿意公开承认的事实相比，人类生

存状态和社会不公正现象目前已经非常复杂，这种复杂性

要求社会结构进行根本性改革。

4. With the credit card it is unnecessary to carry large amounts of cash and are always useful in emergencies.

有了这种信用卡，就无需随身携带大量现金，而且在急需

用钱时非常有用。

? 1.They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.

他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。

? 2. Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly

get here in the United States.

顺便提一下，与我在美国所能得到的治疗相比，我希望能在这些国家得到更好的治疗。 ? 3. The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.

中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成绩而自豪，这是合乎情理的。

4. She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the kitchen.

她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。

1.Admittance Free

免票入场

2. Out of Bounds

游客止步

3. No Admittance Except on Business

闲人免进

4. Danger of Death – High Voltage!

高压（电），生命危险

? 6. With determination, with luck, and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to

rise from the ashes.

? 7. The Universe is not rich enough to buy the vote of an honest man.

? 8. It seems that a very difficult decision now faces him.

? 9. Anger and bitterness covered upon me for weeks.

? 6. 凭着我的决心、我的运气，还有许多善良人们的帮助，我终于得以东山再起。 ? 7. 即使你用天下所有的财富也收买不了一个正直人的选票。

? 8. 他好像面临着困难的抉择。

? 9.几周来我一直感到生气和伤心。

篇四：Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Sentences

Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Sentences

So far we have covered all the techniques and skills of word translation. We are going to talk about the translation techniques on syntactical level from this time. As we have mentioned before, English and Chinese belong to two different language families, and they also have different cultural backgrounds. Since translation is an interlingual and intercultural transfer, it is essential to make a contrastive study between the two languages. Today, we would like to focus on five differences between English and Chinese on syntactical level.

I. Hypotaxis Vs. Parataxis (形合与意合)

Lead-In:

1. 不比不知道，一比吓一跳。 2. 我很负责地告诉你，黎叔很生气，

后果很严重。

If you don’t compare, you’re in the dark, but the moment you do, you get a shock. I can reliably inform you that uncle Lee is very angry so the consequences will be severe.

Hypotaxis(形合法)is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with the connectives, for example, I shall despair if you don't come. English sentence building is featured by hypotaxis.

英语重形合(hypotaxis)以形显意, 句子逻辑关系靠关联词等显性连接手段来直接标示,句子结构比较严谨但缺少弹性。

To clarify the relations between words, phrases or clauses, English more often resorts to overt cohesion (显性衔接)，frequently using various cohesive ties such as relatives(关系词)：who, whose, that, which, what, when, where...

connectives: and, or, but, yet, so, however, when, while, since, until...

Prepositions: of, to, in, from, into...

Parataxis (意合法) is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them, for example, The rain fell; the river flooded; the houses were washed away. Chinese sentence building is featured by parataxis. 汉语重意合(parataxis),以意役形， 句子各成分之间靠隐形连贯来间接显示，不用或少用关联词，句子结构比较松散但富有弹性。

Translation Strategy:

1) 英译汉：从形合到意合

E.g.

(1) The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.

彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。

(2) We will not attack unless we are attacked.

人不犯我，我不犯人。

2).汉译英：从意合到形合

e.g.

(1) 深巷中不时传来狗吠声和墙头上的鸡叫声。

From time to time, dogs were heard barking in the deep lanes and cocks crowing on the top of courtyard wall.

(2) 他不老实，我不能信任他。

I can't trust him, because he is not honest.

(3) 你死了，我就做和尚。（《红楼梦》）

If you are dead, I will be a monk.

2. Bamboo-Like Sentence Vs. Tree-like Sentence

The chunks of a sentence seem to be connected and yet separated, like sections of a bamboo linked by the joints and yet relatively independent and self-contained.

汉语的句式结构犹如竹竿一节一节地下去，句子是一个短句一个短句的展开。句子没有主谓框架的限制，没有动词形态变化的约束，几个小句平行铺排。

English differs from Chinese. It has tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）with different parts connected like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line.

“英语句子好比一课参天大树。” 它利用主谓框架先树起主干，即主句，然后利用各种关系词、介词、分词等把各种表示修饰、限制、补充等语义的短语，附加成分，分句，从句往这根主干上钩搭，犹如一棵枝叶横生的大树，旁支延伸，盘根错节。汉语句子结构以并列的为多，而英语中以主从结构较多。

E.g.

从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。

As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead. Translation Strategy

1) 英译汉：变英语主从结构为汉语的并列结构

e.g.

(1) His remarks hit home(击中要害) when he said that we did not work hard enough.

他说的很对，我们的工作不够努力。

(2) China, by pursuing the policy of reform and opening to the outside world, is striving to become developed within a period of 50 years.

中国执行改革开放的政策，争取在五十年内发展起来。

2) 汉译英：对原文中小句意义之间的关系进行分析，如有主从之分，从逻辑上确认是何种主从关系，然后用相应的结构来表达。e.g.

(1) 她伸手抓起被单，看见女儿两眼睁得圆圆的。

Pulling back the bedding, she found her daughter's eyes wide open.

某些情况下，信息主次关系不明时，也可有不同的选择形式。e.g.

(2) 一群五彩蝴蝶在一片花丛中飞舞，吸引着不少游客观赏。

译文一：A swarm of butterflies were fluttering among the flowers, attracting many an admirer. 译文二：Fluttering among the flowers, a swarm of butterflies were attracting many an admirer. Classroom Activity: Comparison of Translated Sentences :

(1) 我们常听到人们谈论“过去的好时光”。那个时候，美国人更善良，幸福，而且待人也更诚实。

A. We often hear about "the good old days". At that time Americans were better, happier and more honest.

B. We frequently hear about "the good old days", when Americans were better, happier and more honest.

3. Left-branching and right-branching

英语句子呈现句首封闭、句尾开放(right-branching)的特征。修饰语、插入语可以后置，有关系词与被修饰语连接，句子可以不断向尾扩展延伸。

汉语句子则呈现句首开放、句尾收缩(left-branching) 的特征。句首虽可开放，但扩展的长度和程度受到种种限制，不能像英语那样层层环扣、向后不断扩展延伸。

一棵树

一棵大树

一棵枝繁叶茂的大树

花园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树

李家花园一棵枝繁叶茂的大树

同里镇李家花园一棵枝繁叶茂的大树

This is the cat.

This is the cat that killed the rat.

This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt（麦芽）.

This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house.

This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack. Translation Strategy:

英译汉：如有可能要把后置定语前移，使之符合汉语句式，即向左扩展。e.g.

The musician who played at concert is from China.

在音乐会上演奏的那位音乐家是从中国来的。

但汉语前置定语不宜过长，如修饰语过长，可以适当改变修饰关系，将部分定语转化为描述性短语或小句，并将其置于被修饰语之后。

Compare the translated sentences:

There is a story told of an ancient dandy in London who, taking, one sunny afternoon, his accustomed stroll down Bond Street, met an acquaintance hurrying in the direction of Westminster.

译文一：有一个故事讲到一位在一个晴朗的下午同往常一样去邦德大街散步的古代伦敦的花花公子碰到了一个急急忙忙奔向西敏寺的熟人的故事。

译文二：有这样一则故事，讲的是古代伦敦一位花花公子，一个晴朗的午后，正与往常一样沿邦德大街散步时，遇到一个熟人匆忙朝西敏寺方向奔去。

汉译英：应识别原文中具有限定作用的成分，酌情将其转化为短语、从句等英语后置定语。e.g.

(1) 家家房顶上都安装了供沐浴用的太阳能热水器。

A solar heater is installed on the roof of every house, providing warm water for the shower.

(2) 昨天下午在办公室与她谈话的那个人已经被解聘了。

The man who had a talk with her in the office yesterday afternoon has been dismissed.

4. Pre-emphasis and Post-emphasis (前重心与后重心)

英语和汉语在信息编排顺序上存在着比较明显的差异。对重要信息的陈述，英语习惯放在句首，开门见山，一语道破，这就是所谓的“突显顺序”；突显语序不依照时序组句，往往负载着说话人的语义重点、兴趣所在。汉语是自然语序，英语是两种语序兼而有之，同时比较偏好突显语序。换言之，英语一般是句首重心，汉语则是句尾重心。

(1) 生活中既有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。

Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.

(先结果后原因)

(2) 有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎。

It is a great pleasure to meet friends from afar. (先表态后叙事)

(3) 我每年放暑假都到老家山东和父母亲住一两个月。

I went to live with my parents for a month or two every summer vacation in my hometown Shandong. (先焦点后背景)

Translation Strategy:

调整语序

(1) 我们访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人，要谈起这些，我有许多奇妙的故事要讲。

There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.

(2) 中国人从传统上和道德上是看重婚姻的，所以对离婚一般是持反对态度的。

A negative attitude towards divorce runs consistently through the consciousness of the Chinese who, traditionally and morally attach much importance to marriage.

(3) 史密斯先生自己还不知道犯了什么罪，人家就把他逮捕了。

Mr. Smith was arrested when he himself was not aware what crime he had committed.

5. Topic-prominent Language Vs. Subject-prominent Language

An English sentence must have a subject and a predicate. But only about 50% Chinese sentences have a subject and predicate. The other 50% Chinese sentences belong to topic-comment structure（话题---评论结构）. In other words, English is a Subject-Prominent language（注重主语的语言）; Chinese is a Topic-Prominent language（注重主题的语言）.

A Subject-Prominent language is a language in which the grammatical units of Subject and Predicate are basic to the structure of sentences and in which sentences usually have Subject-Predicate structure.

A Topic-Prominent language is one in which the informational units of topic and comment are basic to

the structure of sentences.

我的小孙子他很调皮。

My little grandson is very naughty.

那所房子你们早该修了。

You should have repaired the house.

这里建大桥，我看行不通。

I don’t think it workable to build a bridge here.

Translation Strategy

汉译英:

1)主语的增补

(1)读书可以增长知识。

译文一：Reading books can acquire knowledge.

译文二：Through reading one can acquire knowledge.

(2) 今年将比去年生产更多的粮食。

译文一：This year will produce more grain than last year.

译文二：We will produce more grain this year than last year.

2) 主语的选择与转换

(1) 德国相机的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。 (定语作主语)

The German cameras are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability.

(2) 只要稍稍恭维他几句，他就会得意忘形。 (谓语作主语)

A very little complement would set him carried away.

英译汉：1) 英语中偶尔会出现话题突出的句子，可以直接转换。

(1) Of the girl's sensations they remained a little in doubt.

姑娘的心思他们一时还无法断定。

(2) The mother I could not avoid; but the son I can get away from.

母亲我不能避开，但儿子我却可以避开。

2) 如原文为常规主谓结构，翻译时可根据汉语行文习惯选择话题突出结构，也可尝试其他表述形式。

(1) He is inexperienced in driving.

译文一：开车他没有经验。

译文二：他开车方面没有经验。

2) I'll make my own decision in marriage.

译文一：婚姻的事我自己做主。

译文二：我的婚姻我做主。

篇五：西南大学汉译英0169作业及答案

汉译英0169作业第一次：

作业四：

1、将下列语段译成英语。

在20岁前，事业上的成功百分之百靠双手勤劳换来；20岁至30岁之前，事业已有些小基础，那10年的成功，10%靠运气好，90%仍是由勤劳得来；之后，机会的比例也逐渐提高；到现在，运气已差不多要占三至四成了。不敢说一定没有命运，但假如一件事在天时、地利、人和等方面皆相背时，那肯定不会成功。若我们贸然去做，失败时便埋怨命运，这是不对的。（李嘉诚成功格言之一）

Before the age of 20, 100 per sent of the success in our course can be abtained by hard work. as for the success during the ten years from 20 to 30, during which there has been certain basis in our course, 10% of it depends on good luck, and 90% still of hard work. After that, the opportunities will enlarge in preportion. and till now, almost 30 or 40 % of good luck will work. We dare not say our succees does have nothing to do with destiny, but if we lack such factors as good opportunities, environmental advantages, and others' supports, our succees, for sure, will be out of the question. it is not right for us to do something without careful consideration and to owe our failure to the fate.

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