beyond作文素材

篇一：作文素材

2015年高考素材

素材1

曼德拉：坚强和宽容铸就的民族斗士

2013年12月6日，“南非国父”曼德拉溘然长逝。他是南非首位民选黑人总统，并于1993年获得诺贝尔和平奖。他因反抗种族隔离制度名扬天下，也因深入骨髓的平等理念受到不同种族、不同信仰和不同肤色的人的爱戴。

大学时代的曼德拉，因积极参加反抗政府暴力镇压的活动被学校除名，但有着明确人生目标的他并没有屈服。1962年，曼德拉因反对种族隔离政策被捕入狱，在狱中度过了近28个春秋，备受迫害和折磨，但始终未改变反对种族主义、建立一个平等自由的新南非的信念。出狱后，曼德拉致力于推动种族和解。长期的种族隔离政策使南非黑白两族形同水火，是冤冤相报，还是笑泯恩仇?曼德拉用行动作出了回答：他邀请3位看押过他的白人看守出席他的总统就职典礼，并向他们表示感谢。在曼德拉的带领下，南非实现种族和解，完成了历史性大跨越。 解读

1．坚定信念，不怕困难，百折不挠。曼德拉把为同胞争取平等自由作为奋斗目标，为此他被学校除名，但他没有因此放弃；他入狱饱受磨难仍矢志不渝，顽强地战斗下去，在这种可贵精神的指引下，他最终出狱，领导南非走上了新的道路，南非的种族歧视状况因为他而得到了彻底的改变。

2．保持乐观、积极的人生态度。曼德拉一生经历坎坷，两次入狱，并在监狱中度过了二十多年，然而这一切都没有改变他乐观、积极的心态。他没有因为长期非人的囚徒生涯而失去理智、放弃希望，而是积极锻炼身体等待胜利的到来，正是这种态度让他笑到了最后，成就了自己的光辉岁月。

3．宽容是一种高贵的品质。曼德拉说得好，当身体走出监狱，若不能把悲痛和怨恨留在身后，实际上，精神仍在监狱之中。他没有因为种族主义政权的迫害而走向极端、施展报复，而是极力斡旋、促进和解；他以顽强刚毅的性格、宽容博大的胸襟，促成了南非社会的和平过渡，把和解和宽容的精神传播于非洲及世界各地。 名人名言

◇人们不能对正义无所作为、无所表示、无所反应，不能不抗议压迫，不能不为建设一个好的社会、好的生活而作出努力。——曼德拉

◇钟声响起归家的讯号／在他生命里／仿佛带点唏嘘／黑色肌肤给他的意义／是一生奉献／肤色斗争中／年月把拥有变作失去／疲倦的双眼带着期望／今天只有残留的躯壳／迎接光辉岁月／风雨中抱紧自由／一生经过彷徨的挣扎／自信可改变未来／问谁又能做到??

——Beyond乐队主唱黄家驹在1990年创作了一首《光辉岁月》，以这首歌向曼德拉致敬，歌颂了其伟大而辉煌的人生，表达了自己对种族歧视的厌恶与憎恨

素材 2

维他命的奇效

啤酒厂要倒闭了，老板急得团团转，但是不论怎么改进品质，业务还是难有起色。 “在啤酒里加入维他命，并在瓶上标明。”老板的朋友建议。老板照做了，生意果然大为改善，没有多久，不但渡过了难关而且扩大生产了汽水，只是汽水与以前的啤酒一样，打不开市场。

“在汽水里加入维他命，并于瓶上标明。”老板的朋友又建议。汽水果然也大为畅销。 “为什么维他命会有这种奇效呢?说实在的，我加进去的量，根本微不足道。”老板问他的朋友。

“这还不简单吗?当人想喝酒，却又内心矛盾时，他会告诉自己喝的不只是酒，还有有益健康的雏他命，于是矛盾消失，啤酒畅销。至于汽水，当孩子要喝时，父母常会说，何不喝有营养的果汁，灌些糖水有什么用。这时孩子则可以回嘴，这里面有维他命，跟果汁一样。于是阻力减弱，汽水畅销。”

老板的朋友说：“人们做事，常爱找个借口或堂而皇之的理由，以求心安，我只是教你先帮他们找好借口罢了!” 解读

1．创新思维，峰回路转。酒香也怕巷子深。啤酒厂老板下大力气改进了啤酒的品质，但业务上还是难有起色，说明其他环节出了问题，但他只注重改进品质，思维走进了死胡同；他的朋友从实际出发，想出了新点子，不仅使啤酒厂起死回生，还开发了新产品。可见，遇到困难时，我们要开动脑筋，创新思维，这样才能走出困境，开创新局面。

2．人生不需要借口。“当人想喝酒，却又内心矛盾时，他会告诉自己喝的不只是酒，还有有益健康的维他命。”人们做事总喜欢找借口，尤其是失败时，总会找各种理由为自己开脱，以求心安。这是我们人性中的弱点，于人生有百害而无一利。因此，我们要学会不找借口。不找借口，就是给自己一个坚定的方向，全力以赴，锁定成功；不找借口，就是把自己逼入绝境，不留后路，也不给人生留下遗憾。

3．要识破真相。故事中的“维他命”只是促销的噱头。是掩盖事物真相的漂亮外衣，然而在现实生活中，我们却往往被这样的事物蒙蔽。只有仔细探究、认真思考，才能获取真相。人生路上，只有看清事物的本质，才能少走弯路。 名人名言

◇创新，最重要的不是知识，而是思路。 ——著名创新思维专家郎加明

◇所有的创新都要经受风险，所有创新的艺术家都要有足够的思想准备，要离经叛道。但也要有根基。 ——作家莫言

◇借口比谎言更可怕，因为借口是设了防的谎言。 ——欧洲谚语

素材 3

机会藏在麻烦里

宇称守恒定律是物理学界公认的重要原理之一，杨振宁在一次实验中发现得出的结论与宇称守恒定律冲突，便推测该定律可能是错误的。

为了验证“宇称”是否真的守恒，杨振宁和李政道合作，进行大量计算后，发现过去所有相关实验竟然没有任何宇称绝对守恒的根据。为进一步验证，他们倡议学生组建科研小组去做实验。起初没有学生愿意做，因为该定律是公认的，此前从来没有人怀疑过，而且这项实验做起来非常麻烦。不过最终有个女生愿意做，她觉得宇称守恒作为一种基本现象，既然还没有得到实验的有力证明，就应该去验证它。于是她与其他几名科学家合作，在华盛顿做了长达半年的艰苦实验。

1957年1月15日，美国哥伦比亚大学举行发布会，公布了由这个女生组建的科研小组的实验结论——宇称是不守恒的。这推翻了物理学上屹立30年之久的宇称守恒定律，震惊了物理学界。1957年l0月，杨振宁与李政道因此获得诺贝尔物理学奖，参与实验的那个女生也一举成名。她就是美籍华裔物理学家、有“东方居里夫人”之称的吴健雄女士。 解读

1．麻烦可能就是机会。对于实验，多数人的态度是避而远之，而吴健雄却不嫌麻烦，最终为自己赢得成功的机会。为什么机会来临时，我们常常把握不住?因为机会总是乔装成麻烦的样子。麻烦来了，人们的第一反应就是避而远之，这样就错过了机会。

2．大胆质疑，挑战权威。一次实验的结论，让杨振宁作出宇称守恒定律可能是错误的推测，这体现了他不畏权威的精神。吴健雄愿意做麻烦的实验去验证，也是基于不迷信权威的精神。挑战权威是一种坚持真理的精神，是一种实事求是的态度，更是一种敢于质疑的勇气。

3．实践是检验真理的唯一标准。为验证杨振宁和李政道的观点，吴健雄组建科研小组，以实验检验真理。可见，忠于事实，不盲从，不跟风，以坚定的勇气为船，以科学的态度为帆，才能抵达真理的彼岸!

4．成就自我要耐得住寂寞。他人避而远之的“麻烦”实验，吴健雄坚持了半年之久，经过无数次计算，其间的枯燥、艰苦可想而知。寂寞是黎明前的黑暗，没有寂寞地积累和酝酿，哪有众人瞩目时的光芒四射? 名人名言

◇打开一切科学的钥匙都毫无异议地是问号。 ——作家巴尔扎克

◇耐得寂寞，才能不寂寞；耐不得寂寞，偏偏寂寞。 ——作家姚雪垠

◇因为我对权威的轻蔑，所以命运惩罚我，使我自己竟也成了权威。 ——物理学家爱因斯坦

素材4

化废为宝的葡萄籽

葡萄籽外壳坚硬，牲畜不吃，沤粪不烂。处理掉堆积如山的葡萄籽，葡萄酒厂家一年要“垫”进许多费用。在北京发展的女孩张丽雯认为：“葡萄籽不是垃圾，而是放错了地方的宝贝!”消息传出，许多葡萄酒厂老板找上门来，要张丽雯收下葡萄籽，答应长期免费供应。 张丽雯从在法国留学的同学那里得知：葡萄籽能榨油!葡萄籽油内亚油酸的含量在70％左右，含有维生素E、维生素A等多种人体需要的矿物质，还含有4％左右的花青素，花青素具有很好的美容养颜的作用。她筹资300万元从法国购回一套压榨设备，建起了葡萄籽榨油厂。她的葡萄籽油一上市就成了抢手货，一年赚了500多万元，而机器剥离出来的葡萄籽外皮渐渐堆成了一座小山。相信葡萄籽不是垃圾的张丽雯，也不相信葡萄籽外皮是垃圾。由中国农科院专家支招，她用葡萄籽外皮和杏仁壳混合，通过高温炭化、活化后加工成活性炭，每吨市场价1．5万元。活性炭具有韧性强、不易变形的特点，她又将其压制成炭板后进行艺术加工，每年的炭雕艺术品就能卖到上百万元。短短三年时间，张丽雯从废弃的葡萄籽中挖掘出了2000多万元的财富。 解读

1．变换角度天地宽。葡萄味美可口，而葡萄籽外壳坚硬，不便利用，被葡萄酒生产企业视为垃圾，张丽雯却从中发现商机，使一文不值的葡萄籽产生了惊人的效益，主要在于她能够变换角度思考问题。很多情况下，决定人生的是一种理念的转换、一次思维的改变。任何事情都不是绝对的，不妨变换角度多看看，也许就能开辟一方属于自己的乐土。

2．成功需要“贵人”助。那些咬之不烂、吞之无味、弃之不惜的葡萄籽被张丽雯彻底“榨”干了“油”，短短三年时间里，挖掘出2000多万元的财富，她的成功离不开“贵人”——同学和专家的帮助。成功的因素很多，个人努力是至关重要的内在因素，“贵人”相助则是不可或缺的外在因素，因为“贵人”会为你指点迷津，助你走出困境。

3．不从众，才会出众。当所有人都把葡萄籽看成垃圾时，张丽雯没有附和众人的看法，

而是把它看成放错了地方的宝贝，并从中挖掘出价值。通往成功的每一步都需要自己去踏出，踩着别人的脚印走，只能像木偶一样，做别人的影子，永远活不出自我。 名人名言

◇要想成为真正的“人”，必须先是个不盲从因袭的人。 ——人际关系学大师戴尔〃卡耐基

◇一个人之所以没成为亿万富翁，只是没把身后的资源兑换出去。 ——“行销之神”亚伯拉罕

◇人生像攀登一座山，而找山寻路，却是一种学习的过程。我们应当在这过程中，学习笃定、冷静，学习如何从慌乱中找到生机。 ——散文家、诗人席慕蓉

素材 5

伦敦富人区的“免费馈赠”

在伦敦富人区的夜晚，路灯下，经常会看到摆放很有条理的旧货，说是旧货，其实并不旧，或许是一个沙发垫子，没看出有破洞；或许是一台旧电脑，配有鼠标和鼠标垫，甚至附有“使用说明”；或许是几个结实的纸箱，里面有掉了少量毛的鸡毛掸子、底部微小处缺了瓷的餐盘、有少许锈痕的厨具等。稍作留意就会发现，这些小物件虽然杂，但放进去时显然进行了认真的清理。

原来，伦敦殷实家庭“扔”东西也很“绅士”，会把过时但还有使用价值的东西在天黑后打好包，不事张扬地摆放在门前或街道边，一些经济窘迫或新来的移民在天亮前来“扫货”。约定俗成，双方都保留了面子。挑剩的东西再由市政部门的专用车及时拖走，并清扫场地。这样，天亮后，街道依旧干净，看不出这里发生过“免费馈赠”。

解读

1．行善要尊重受赠者的人格。伦敦富人区的“免费馈赠”，没有摆出一副居高临下的姿态，充分考虑到受赠者的感受，让其免却当面接受“施舍”的尴尬。这样不事张扬的做法，体现了对受赠者的面子乃至人格的尊重。反观有些“明星慈善家”作秀式的捐赠场面，很少考虑自己的行为对受惠者带来的负面影响，如此“暴力慈善”，会使行善本身打折扣。

2．细节之中彰显个人修养。将东西“打好包”，“不事张扬地摆放在门前或街道边”“摆放很有条理”；一台旧电脑，不仅配有鼠标和鼠标垫，甚至附有“使用说明”??这些看似不经意的细节，体现了当地人的人文素养和绅士风度。今天，率先富起来的一部分人，如果少一些飞扬跋扈和自我张狂，会赢得更多的尊重。

3．节约资源，物尽其用。伦敦富人处理旧货的方式实现了物品的有效利用，节约了资源，缓解了环境压力，体现了物尽其用的思想。随着物质生活水准的提升，我们经常也有 一些“过时但还有使用价值的东西”，在处理这些东西时，我们应向伦敦富人学习；地方政府和社会机构可以在旧货回收利用方面有所作为，如发起一些捐赠活动，使旧物在需要的人那里继续发挥作用。 名人名言

◇人人都有面子观念，特别是在农村，大家更在意名声。要是说谁家里穷，可能连媳妇都难娶到。所以，我帮助别人都不让其他人知道，就是怕我的帮助反而给别人带来伤害，让受帮助的人被嘲笑。 ——租住在四川阆中老旧房子里的赵维富，在当地因偷偷做好事出了名。问到偷偷行善的原因，赵维富这样回答

◇人与人之间需要一种平衡，就像大自然需要平衡一样。不尊重别人感情的人，最终只会引起别人的讨厌和憎恨。——人际关系学大师戴尔〃卡耐基

◇小事成就大事，细节成就完美。——惠普创始人之一戴维〃帕卡德

素材 6

篇二：作文素材

科技给人生活带来的重要变化：

1）agri mechanization: The machinery of farms - tractors, cultivators, combinesand hundreds of others - dramatically increased farm efficiency and productivity in the 20th century. The tractor, the reaper, the combine, and hundreds of other machines gave farmers the mechanical advantage they had long needed to ease their burdens and make their lands truly profitable. At the start of the century, four U.S. farmers could feed about 10 people. By the end, with the help of engineering innovation, a single farmer could feed more than 100. In the process, a massive shift from rural to urban life took place. Also, this shift had a lasting impact on the nature of work, the consumer economy, women's roles in society, and even the size and nature of families. For women, farm mechanization freed them from many of the time-consuming household chores required to support a large family and many helpers hired to work on the farm.

2) air conditioning refrigerating: Life changed immensely in the 20th century as air conditioning and refrigeration systems became more efficient, controllable, and even mobile. No longer dependent on the weather for work or play, humans truly made the environment adapt to their needs.Climate control became so reliable and affordable，specifically, it grew from an invisible luxury to a common necessity. Now people can live and work in glassed-in or windowless buildings, in porchless houses, or in the warmest and most humid places. In the United States alone, air conditioning reversed a century-long pattern of migration out of the southern cities. Moreover, refrigeration makes transporting fresh food and other perishables possible, and makes home storage for days or weeks practical. People were able to simplify shopping and save money while enjoying a greater diversity and higher quality of food because of this excellent preservation technology.

3)automobile: From early Tin Lizzies to today's sleek sedans, the automobile is a showcase of 20th century engineering ingenuity, with countless innovations made in design, production, and safety. For hundreds of years, humans have attempted to develop means for faster, more economical travel. Vehicles have been powered by humans, animals, springs, clockwork, and wind. In 1769, Frenchman Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built the first automobile, which was actually a steam-powered tricycle. For much of the 19th century, steam power prevailed, despite the danger of boiler explosions and unpleasant odors left by exhaust fumes.In one form or another, the vehicle has become the major transporter of people and goods in the world, whether designed for urban use or rough terrain, one passenger or a dozen. Today's automobile industry has helped to shape the financial world, from banks to the stock market, and is a major barometer of the economic health of a nation. Massive and internationally competitive, the automobile industry is the largest single manufacturing enterprise in the United States in terms of total value of products and number of employees. The industry is primarily responsible for the growth of steel and rubber production, and is the largest user of machine tools. Specialized manufacturing requirements have driven advances in petroleum refining, paint and plate-glass manufacturing, and other industrial processes. Gasoline, once a waste product to be burned off, is now one of the most valuable commodities in the world because of the advancement of automobile industry.

4)internet:Initially a tool to link research center computers, the Internet has become a vital instrument of social change. Created via a series of engineering innovations, the Internet is changing business practices, educational pursuits, and personal communications. By providing global access to news, commerce, and vast stores of information, the Internet brings us together

and adds convenience and efficiency to our lives. Today people can search thousands of databases and libraries worldwide in several languages, browse through hundreds of millions of documents, journals, books, and computer programs, and keep up to the minute with wire-service news, sports, and weather reports. An increasing number of people shop, bank, and pay bills on the Internet. Many invest in stocks and commodities online. It's a powerful symbol of society's expectations about the future - fast-moving technology that adds convenience and efficiency to their lives.

5)Genome knowledge and ethical norms:

Because a better understanding of the genome enables us to affect and possibly control life at its most fundamental level, there is a potential for both extreme danger and enormous benefit with its use. "And the irony is that the more benefit there is, the greater the liability there is if it's misused.”Scientists are concerned about the long term effects of genetically modified "super-organisms". These include the bacterium designed to eat and digest nuclear waste and the genetically modified seeds in common use on American farms which carry their own powerful insecticide. Some of these genetically modified organisms have controversy because what happens is that they are so resistant, like some of the plant crops such as corn and so forth, that they kill a lot of the other competitive organisms around them or perhaps they change the soil profile so there is too much nitrogen in the soil that other organisms can't survive. Although it is beyond us what on earth the mechanism is, there is no denying that we may upset the balance of nature.

6)Whether technology aims to provide people with more leisure time:

In 1960, the average US family included only one breadwinner, who worked just over 40 hours per week. Since then the average week work has increased steadily to nearly 60 hours today; and in most families, there are now two breadwinners.

教育：

The inclusion of arts in the educational curriculum:

(1)Proponents of the "art for art's sake" point of view suggest that participation in aesthetic activity is valuable in and of itself; that is, appreciating and creating art is valuable for its own sake.It is (uniquely) worthwhile educationally since it provides inspiration for creativity and reveals for our understanding and appreciation of imaginative and insightful images of reality in aesthetically significant visual form.

(2) their pleasure-giving potential

(3)I would suggest that it would be more prudent to examine their potential for expanding students' understanding, which indicates that including arts in the curriculum may be of some help for students’ mastering of other subjects.

(4)Also, content is necessary to art and to our pleasure in that artistic expression always expresses something, however abstract. This content needs not to be a blatant political statement but it may be, depending on the "things that matter" to the artist.Thus, the significance of the inclusion of the arts in the educational curriculum lies in their potential to foster a rich understanding of the human experience.

Albert Einstein:

When Albert was five years old, his father gave him a compass. The child was filled with wonder when he discovered that the compass needle always pointed in the same direction--to the north.

He asked his father and his uncle what caused the needle to move.Their answers about magnetism3 and gravity were difficult for the boy to understand. Yet he spent a lot of time thinking about them. He said later that he felt something hidden had to be behind things.

(the roles of parents in education of children)

(1)One story says Albert told his Uncle Jacob how much he hated school, especially mathematics. His uncle told him to solve mathematical problems by pretending to be a policeman. "You are looking for someone," he said, "but you do not know who. Call him X. Find him by using the mathematical tools of algebra4 and geometry5."

(2)Jack Welch was self-contemptuous in his childhood because of his stammer. Mother’s encouragement drove him on to overcome his mental block and led him to become a successful entrepreneur.

政治：

Consider PRISM scandal of American government. Were it not for Edward Snowden, the government might continue to monitor our telephone, e-mail, text-message, even everyday communication, which, on purpose, violates the Forth Amendment of the Constitution. The revelation of the scandal is an alarm to American government.

名人事迹：（成就早晚，不畏权威，勇于实践，否定一成不变追求真理，勤奋自学）

Picasso, a Spanish painter, demonstrated uncanny artistic talent in his early years. His revolutionary artistic accomplishments were appreciated by his contemporary society and brought him immense fortune throughout his life. Today many of his pieces are still the world’s most recognizable and expensive works of art.

Consider Vincent Van Gogh, a Dutch post-impressionist painter who firstly adds the element of human emotions to paintings, was little appreciated during his lifetime, his fame grew ultimately, in the years after his death. Van Gogh did not begin painting until his late twenties, and most of his best-known works were produced during his final two years. Today, many of his pieces, including his numerous self-portraits, landscapes and sunflowers are among the world’s most recognizable and expensive works of art.

Galileo was, above all, a man who experimented: who despised the prejudices and book learning of Aristotelians, who put his questions to nature instead of to the ancients, and who drew his conclusions audaciously. He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky and was the man who climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped various weights from the top. He rolled balls down inclined planes, and then generalized the results of his many experiments into the famous law of free fall.

Copernicus, an astronomer, was the first to formulate a theory which displaced the earth from the center of the universe, paved way for corroborating observations of Galileo, then set the stage for Newton’s Laws of Gravity, and ultimately led to the theory of relativity discovered by Einstein.

Bruno, a philosopher and astronomer, is best known as proponent of infinity of the universe. His cosmological theories went beyond the Copernican model. He challenged the infallibility of the Roman Catholic Church by altering the accepted theory of the earth’s position in the universe and was burnt as a heretic.

Edward Teller, the so-called “father of the atom bomb” was firmly committed to America’s policy of gaining military superiority over the Japanese and the Germans; yet at the same time he attempted fervently to dissuade the U.S. military from employing his technology for destruction, while becoming the most visible advocate for various peaceful and productive applications of atomic energy.

Einstein, who while committed to the mathematical soundness of his theories about relativity could not reconcile them with the equally compelling quantum theory which emerged later in Einstein’s life. In fact, Einstein spent the last twenty years of his life criticizing his own former theories and struggling to determine how to reconcile them with newer theories.

George Washington, who was quoted as saying that all the world’s denizens“shouldabhor war wherever they may find it”. Yet this was the same military general that played a key role in the Revolutionary War between Britain and the States.

Martin Luther King led a Black bus boycott when he was a pastor of a Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama. He and ninety others were arrested and indicted under the provisions of a law making it illegal to conspire to obstruct the operation of a business. King and several others were found guilty, but appealed their case. As the bus boycott dragged on, King was gaining a national reputation. The ultimate success of the Montgomery bus boycott made King a national hero. Dr King’s 1963 “Letter from Birmingham Jail”inspired a growing national civil rights movement. In Birmingham, the goal was to completely end the system of segregation in every aspect of public life(stores, no separate bathrooms and drinking fountains, etc.) and in job discrimination. Also in 1963, King led a massive march on Washington DC where he delivered his now famous “I Have a Dream” speech. King’s tactics of active nonviolence had put civil rights on the national agenda.

Leonardo da Vinci was born in April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy. Leonard’s mastery in art, science and engineering has earned him a place among the most prolific geniuses of history. At the age of 17, Leonardo and his father moved to Florence, where he apprenticed to Verrocchio. His brilliance soon eclipsed that of his master and created two of his most well-known works- Virgin of the Rocks and the Last Supper. In 1509 when he was in Milan, he devoted much of his time and energy to scientific studies and engineering projects such as channeling the course of the Adda River.

Benjamin Franklin was one of the leading founding fathers of the US of America. He signed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the US, and served as the new nation’s ablest diplomat.Franklin’s formal schooling ended early but his education never did. He believed that “the doors to wisdom are never shut,” and read every book he could get his hands on. Franklin taught himself simple algebra and geometry, navigation, logic history, science, English grammar and five other languages. He was also unequaled in America as an inventor until Thomas Edison with his inventions like Franklin stove, bifocal eyeglasses and the lightning rod. He believed that successful people only worked a bit harder than others.

政府资助（艺术发展、文化保护）：

The Medicis, a powerful banking family of Renaissance Italy, were admired because of their contribution to the patronage of the arts. They donated more than anyone to flowering of the Florentine geniuses like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci.During the 20th century, the primary

source of cultural support was private foundations established by industrial magnates Carnegie, Mellon, Rockfeller and Getty.And tomorrow cultural support will probably come from the moguls of the most profitable industry such as IT and media, including Ted Turner and Bill Gates.

平民与伟人

Johannes Gutenberg: It is after all the famous few that provide visions of the future, visions which groups then bring to fruition. Gutenberg is one example of the historical pattern in which it is individuals who have been ultimately responsible for the most significant developments in human history. Admittedly, Gutenberg was not single handedly responsible for the outcomes of his invention. Without the support of paper manufacturers, publishers and distributors and without a sufficient demand for printed books, he would never become the “famous few”. However, it was him who invented the printing press, facilitating the later procedures and ultimately, rendered Western knowledge and culture accessible to every class of people throughout the known world.

One notable example involves the Apple Computer following the departure of its founding visionary Steve Jobs. It wasn’t until Jobs reassumed the helm, once again injecting his unique perception, insight, and infectious fervor, that the ailing Apple was able to resume its innovative ways, thereby regaining its former status in the computer industry. Admittedly, the chief executives of our most successful corporations would no doubt concede that without the cooperative efforts of their subordinates, their personal visions would never become reality. Yet, these efforts are merely the carrying out of the visionary’s marching orders.

不诚信：

（1） 公司的不诚实：Sanlu Group, a famous Chinese dairy products company, has been

committed to providing the most popular brands of infant formula to global consumers. However, it was involved in an adulterated milk powder scandal in September, 2008, affecting some 294,000 Chinese infants and killing six. It received a bankruptcy order and several of its top manages were sentenced to long prison terms.

（2） 个人的不诚实：Luk Van Parijs, a former associate professor in biology at MIT, once was

considered as a rising star in the fields of immunology and RNA interference. However, the high-flying researcher has been fired from MIT for fabricating data in a published scientific paper and in grant applications.

（3） 政治的不诚实：Watergate scandal was a major political scandal that occurred in the US

in the 1970s as a result of the June 17,1972 break- in at the Democratic National

Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washing, D.C., and the Nixon administrations’ cover-up of its involvement. Relying heavily on anonymous sources, the media uncovered information suggesting the knowledge of the break-in and attempts to cover it up, exerting great influence on the Justice Department, the FBI, the CIA, and the White House. The scandal led to the discovery of multiple abuses of power by the Nixon administration, articles of impeachment and the resignation of Richard

Nixon, the president of the US, on August 9, 1974- the only resignation of a US president to date.

历史给我们的启示：

篇三：2014新作文素材

2014新作文素材

南非国父曼德拉

(生命有限，思想无价，精神永存)

【曼德拉说】1.在事情未成功之前，一切总看似不可能；2.生命中最伟大的时刻不在于永不坠落，而在于坠落后总能再度升起；3.怨恨如同牢狱，原谅别人，等于升华自己。

2013年12月5日曼德拉逝世，享年95岁。缅怀，生命有限，思想无价，精神永存。

纳尔逊·罗利赫拉赫拉·曼德拉（Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela;1918年7月18日－2013年12月5日）1918年7月18日出生于南非特兰斯凯，先后获南非大学文学士和威特沃特斯兰德大学律师资格。曾任非国大青年联盟全国书记、主席。于1994年至1999年间任南非总统，是首位黑人总统，被尊称为南非国父。 在任职总统前，曼德拉是积极的反种族隔离人士，同时也是非洲国民大会的武装组织民族之矛的领袖。当他领导反种族隔离运动时，南非法院以密谋推翻政府等罪名将他定罪。依据判决，曼德拉在牢中服刑了27年。1990年出狱后，转而支 持调解与协商，并在推动多元族群民主的过渡期挺身领导南非。自种族隔离制度终结以来，曼德拉受到了来自各界的赞许，包括从前的反对者。

曼德拉在40年来获得了超过一百项奖项，其中最显著的便是1993年的诺贝尔和平奖。2004年，其被选为最伟大的南非人。

2013年12月6日，南非总统祖马刚刚发表全国讲话宣布，前总统曼德拉在约翰内斯堡住所去世，享年95岁。南非将为曼德拉举行国葬，全国降半旗。

1918年7月18日，南非“国父”纳尔逊?曼德拉出生在特兰斯凯一个大酋长家庭。在任职总统前，他是一名积极的反种族隔离人士，曾在牢中服刑27年。曼德拉是全面代议制民主选举所选出的首任南非元首，在40年的政治生涯中，他获得了超过一百项奖项，包括1993年的诺贝尔和平奖。

酋长之子到反种族隔离斗士

作为家中长子、酋长继承人的曼德拉心怀理想，他不愿以酋长身份统治一个受压迫的部族，而要“以一个战士的名义投身于民族解放事业”。曼德拉由此开始了其倍显坎坷的民族解放之路。

曼德拉是其家族中唯一上过学的成员。他从16岁开始受业，用2年完成了惯常需要3年完成的初中学业。1938年，他进入黑尔堡学院，后又就读于威特沃特斯兰德大学，获法学学士学位。

1944年，曼德拉参加主张非暴力斗争的南非非洲人国民大会(简称非国大)。1952年，曼德拉当选非国大“青年联盟”全国主席。1952年，他先后任非国大执委、德兰士瓦省主席、全国副主席。同年年底，他成功地组织并领导了“蔑视不公正法令运动”，赢得了外界的尊敬。

曼德拉还和他的律师所同事奥利弗坦波开设了曼德拉坦波律师事务所，为请不起辩护律师的黑人提供免费或者低价的法律咨询服务。

牢狱生涯数十载 难灭民族解放心

投身政坛数十载，曼德拉历经风雨，早年求学、初涉政治，已经为其积累了丰富的经验。转入中期，曼德拉已经是可以独当一面的旗帜人物，但不料等待他

的却是近30年的牢狱生活。然而，经受了牢狱洗礼之后的他，让自己的信念变得更加坚定，希望民族解放的心从未改变。

1961年，曼德拉领导罢工运动，抗议和抵制白人种族主义者成立的“南非共和国”。1961年6月曼德拉创建非国大军事组织“民族之矛”，任总司令。他曾秘密赴国外访问，并出席在亚的斯亚贝巴召开的泛非自由运动大会，呼吁对南非实行经济制裁。

1962年8月，曼德拉在美国中央情报局的帮助之下遭南非种族隔离政权逮捕入狱，当时他年仅43岁，南非政府以“煽动”罪和“非法越境”罪判处他5年监禁。1962年10月15日，曼德拉被关押到比勒陀利亚地方监狱。在那里，曼德拉为了争取自身利益而遭到单独关押，关押时间一日长达23小时，每天只有上午和下午各半个小时的活动时间。在单独关押室中没有自然光线，没有任何书写物品，一切与外部隔绝。

1964年6月，曼德拉又被指控犯有“企图以暴力推翻政府”，改判为无期徒刑，转移到1960年代中期到1991年内南非最大的秘密监狱——罗本岛。在狱中呆了长达27个春秋，他备受迫害和折磨，但始终未改变反对种族主义、建立一个平等、自由的新南非的坚强信念。

南非在实行种族隔离后期那段时间内，受到了国际社会的严厉制裁，最终导致南非于1990年解除隔离，实现民族和解。1990年2月11日，南非当局在国内外舆论压力下，被迫宣布无条件释放曼德拉。

重获自由：再迎政治新生 与华结缘

20世纪80年代，曼德拉还身处牢狱之中，但是世界并没有忘记这位反种族隔离的斗士。1983年和1985年，曼德拉曾先后荣获联合国教科文组织授予的“西蒙?博利瓦国际奖”和第三世界社会经济研究基金会颁发的“第三世界奖”。此后在1991年，联合国教科文组织授予曼德拉“乌弗埃-博瓦尼争取和平奖”。

1993年10月15日，挪威诺贝尔委员会宣布将1993年的诺贝尔和平奖授予曼德拉和当时的南非总统德克勒克。委员会称：“曼德拉和德克勒克为消除南非种族歧视做出了贡献，他们的努力为在南非建立民主政权奠定了基础。” 1994年4月，非国大在南非首次不分种族的大选中获胜。同年5月，曼德拉成为南非第一位黑人总统。1997年12月，曼德拉辞去非国大主席一职，并表示不再参加1999年6月的总统竞选。1999年6月正式去职。卸任后曼德拉仍然在为世界和平和人类尊严而不懈努力，他大力兴办学校，为南非防治艾滋病投入了大量精力。

1998年9月曼德拉访美，获美国“国会金奖”，成为第一个获得美国这一最高奖项的非洲人。2000年8月被南部非洲发展共同体授予“卡马”勋章，以表彰他在领导南非人民争取自由的长期斗争中，在实现新旧南非的和平过渡阶段，以及担任南共体主席期间做出的杰出贡献。

1992年10月，曼德拉首次访华，5日被北京大学授予名誉法学博士学位。1999年5月，曼德拉总统应邀访华，他是首位访华的南非国家元首。

曼德拉与其名言

曼德拉，南非人民心目中的神，世界的总统，灵魂的导师，我一生最崇拜的人！

1961年6月曼德拉创建非国大军事组织“民族之矛”，任总司令。1962年8月，曼德拉被捕入狱，当时他年仅43岁，南非政府以政治煽动和非法越境罪判处他５年监禁。1964年6月，他又被指控犯有以阴谋颠覆罪而改判为无期徒刑，从此开始了漫长的铁窗生涯，在狱中度过长达27个春秋，他备受迫害和折磨，但始终坚贞不屈。即使在狱中，曼德拉也多次成为全球焦点，他的号召力和影响力遍及全世界。1981年，1万余名法国人联名向南非驻法使馆发出请愿书，要求释放曼德拉；1982年，全球53个国家的2000名市长又为曼德拉的获释而签名请愿；1983年，英国78名议员发表联合声明，50多个城市市长在伦敦盛装游行，要求英国首相向南非施加压力，恢复曼德拉自由。如此人缘无人能及，难怪有人称曼德拉为“全球总统”。1990年2月11日，南非当局在国内外舆论压力下，被迫宣布无条件释放曼德拉。

下面把他平生不平凡的话语做一下整理，不完善的地方希望看过的人可以继续补充。

1，“在那漫长而孤独的岁月中，我对自己的人民获得自由的渴望变成了一 种对所有人，包括白人和黑人，都获得自由的渴望。”

2，“压迫者和被压迫者一样需要获得解放。夺走别人自由的人是仇恨的囚徒，他被偏见和短视的铁栅囚禁着。”

3，“我已经把我的一生奉献给了非洲人民的斗争，我为反对白人种族统治进行斗争，我也为反对黑人专制而斗争。我怀有一个建立民主和自由社会的美好理想，在这样的社会里，所有人都和睦相处，有着平等的机会。我希望为这一理想而活着，并去实现它。但如果需要的话，我也准备为它献出生命。”

4，“我已经演完了我的角色，现在只求默默无闻地生活。我想回到故乡的村寨，在童年时嬉戏玩耍的山坡上漫步。”

5，“我想用乐观的色彩来画下那个岛，这也是我想与全世界人民分享的。我想告诉大家，只要我们能接受生命中的挑战，连最奇异的梦想都可实现！”6，“别担心，放轻松，要快乐！”

7，“让黑人和白人成为兄弟，南非才能繁荣发展。”

8，“生命中最伟大的光辉不在于永不坠落，而是坠落后总能再度升起！我欣赏这种有弹性的生命状态，快乐的经历风雨，笑对人生！”

最后，我觉得他平生最喜欢的那首诗《不可征服》也没有理由我不喜欢。不可征服

透过覆盖我的深夜，

我看到黑暗如深坟。

感谢万能的上苍，

赐我不可征服的灵魂。

就算逆境犹如地狱，

我也从未退避哀求，

哪怕命运的棒喝下，

我也要流血不低头。

这怒与泪的尘世外，

恐怖幽灵悄然出没，

但面对岁月的威胁，

我丝毫不感到畏缩。

不论案卷写满惩罚，

还是前路门有多窄，

我是我命运的主宰，

我是我灵魂的统帅。

Out of the night that covers me,

Black as the pit from pole to pole,

I thank whatever gods may be

For my unconquerable soul.

In the fell clutch of circumstance

I have not winced nor cried aloud.

Under the bludgeonings of chance

My head is bloody, but unbowed.

Beyond this place of wrath and tears

Looms but the Horror of the shade,

And yet the menace of the years

Finds, and shall find, me unafraid.

It matters not how strait the gate,

How charged with punishments the scroll,

I am the master of my fate:

I am the captain of my soul.

曼德拉是人不是神

“监狱的好处是它让你有时间读书。”

“而阅读可以开阔一个人的视野。”

第一句话奇特，第二句话老套。它们放在一起像是监狱招摹囚犯的广告。有点超现实的邪恶。

想读书吗？想重构人生吗？可是干扰又太多：要玩、要参加PARTY，要在MSN上和两百多个人聊天——一边打招呼一边还要努力想“这个人是谁？”那么，就进监狱吧。

这两句话听起来就是这个意思。可以用石头砸这个胡言乱语的人。

不过，你看到那人招牌式的笑脸时，你会羞愧地放下石头，自责理解力低下。这人是纳尔逊·曼德拉。

他呆在监狱里的岁月，比一个看守一辈子的服役时间都长。无疑，他有资格说一些有关监狱本质的话。他是监狱专家。

这个世界级的超级偶像，在以他作为主角的漫画作品发行时说的话，意思应该是：监狱剥夺了你的自由、捆绑了你的身体，这当然是人生中最悲惨的事情，可是你找到办法让灵魂飞得更远，惩罚就失去了它的效用。

谁想到荆棘会编成王冠呢？

曼德拉走出监狱大门那一瞬间的想法，被认为是“神迹”。

他开始走的那几步，还怒气冲冲，心里想，这些人，夺去了我的青春、我的自由、我的生命！

而这时，他正在成为一个尘世中最有权势的人，有全世界舆论的支持与赞扬，这个新国家的总统位置，只能是他的。

巧妙的、甚至是公开的对政治

而他继续走，迈出监狱大门时，他的想法变成了这样：哦，曼德拉，他们囚禁了你几十年，你的愤怒却可能永远关押你。

于是他决定绝对宽容。监狱中他的看守成为他总统就职典礼中的来宾。在一个实施了极端种族隔离制度的国家，上个世纪多数时间，人们都像观赏怪胎一样对待它。种族隔离一废除，多数观察家悲观地认为，种族冲突与报复将不可避免，南非要以现在的鲜血来偿还它过去的愚蠢。

这种情形没有出现。原因被归结为曼德拉的宽容。它产生了一个更大的“神迹”。

好望角是西方的海上生命线，南非的钻石也适合所有人的无名指，曼德拉让这个非洲以南的偏远地方成为这个世界的精神粮仓。

据说那本曼德拉漫画将在南非免费派送数百万份，我相信这样“爱心、正义、良知”的教育漫画书，可能不会好看，可这并不妨碍大家借此谈论一下曼德拉。曼德拉的好处是你在任何场合、任何人群中说到他，都不会显得逊。

我们嘻皮笑脸、我们吃喝玩乐、我们心存怀疑，我们只想成为城市当中最快乐、最安逸、最真实的人，我们顺从自己的欲望，我们不怕承认自己的软弱。更有趣的是，让快乐显得有无尽可能的是，有奇迹让我们盼望，让我们相信。一个人确实能放弃快乐的对立面——仇恨。

一个人确实能改变这个世界。

一个人确实能行神迹。连岳