化州的英语作文

篇一：粤西化州粤语中的代词研究

粤西化州粤语中的代词研究

摘要：本研究主要讨论粤西化州粤语代词的情况，对化州话的人称代词、指示代词和疑问代词作了全面系统的描写、分析和归纳。描写人称代词、指示代词和疑问代词的基本类型，分析其语法功能；探讨人称代词的单、复数表达方式，归纳人称代词的任指、虚指和转指用法；归纳指示代词的指示用法和非指示用法，以及远近指的不同音韵组合方式；总结疑问代词的疑问用法和非疑问用法。 关键词：化州 粤语 代词 吴化片

第一章 绪论

第一节 化州粤语的地理范围及该地历史概况

化州市，广东省茂名市县级市，位于广东省东南部，鉴江中游，北与广西北流县交界，南与广东省吴川接壤，东与高州和茂名市茂南区相连，西与广西陆川县及广东省廉江市毗邻。化州市古称罗州县、石龙郡、石龙县、化州县，距今已有1500多年的悠久历史。因盛产橘红，橘红明清时列为贡品，又称橘州，也有有“中国化橘红之乡”的美誉。据记载，南朝，檀道济筑石城于陵罗江口，置罗州县，今化州属广州高凉郡罗州县地，此为化州建县之始。化州之所以古称石龙，只因相传有龙潜于罗江之中，变化无穷，在北宋时改称化州，此乃化州命名之始。

第二节 化州粤语方言使用概况

化州境内使用的语言有粤方言化州话和客家话次方言涯话。化州话属粤语的次方言，是现今全国最为古远、最特殊的方言之一，化州话古朴，词汇丰富，语法特殊，保留中原雅语的古音古词古义多，同时又掺合了古代粤西俚语文化，是中原文化与粤西文化融合的结果。《广东方言的分区》（熊正辉，1987）是最早对高阳片和吴化片提出较为完备界定的材料，该文将粤语分为广府片、四邑片、高阳片、勾漏片和吴化片。李健把化州话归属到吴化片，并且把化州话划分成两个小片，以这两个小片作为化州话的代表。一是以南安墟为中心的下江话，南安墟在化州南部，历史悠久，人口集中；二是以化州镇为中心的上江话，化州镇为古今州县之治所，也就是今天的化州市区。两者对于化州话的划分有所出入，但是意思基本一致，化州东部只有少数地方属于高阳片，如南盛街道办（原属高州），

由于南盛街道办处于化州与高州的交界，历史上曾属高州，与化州大部分地区的方言相差较大，而与高州石鼓镇祥山管区较为接近，所以当地人不把南盛话作为化州话看待，因此笔者认为化州话应该按照李健的划分方法划为吴化片。

第三节 化州粤语研究论述

有关化州话的语音和词汇方面的研究，前人做过了一些工作，比较专业的著作有李健的《化州粤语说略》，此书是很多学者对化州话进行研究对比的范本，李健对化州话中的叠音、叠词、后缀、儿化和高升调都有较为全面的理解。但是由于经济落后，地域偏僻等原因，作为粤方言中独具特色的次方言，学界对于化州话的研究没有给予足够的重视。化州粤语在代词研究上尚有很多不足，据本人所掌握的资料，研究化州代词的专著李健的《化州粤语说略》，而且全书以语音为研究重点，所以这个方面的研究是非常欠缺的。

第四节 本文研究的目的、意义、方法与材料

（1）目的与意义

方言是民族的非物质文化遗产，研究方言有助于了解古代汉语的历史面貌和演变过程，国学大师陈寅恪先生曾经说过：“中国的文化保留在语言中。”。化州话源远流长，属于汉藏语系下的汉语族粤语高阳片吴化片，对古语保存较全面，是一座尚待开发的方言富矿。化州话在茂名内部方言中最为特别，语言特点与茂名、高州、信宜、电白三市一县差异较为明显，保留中原雅语的古音古词古义多，同时又掺合了古代粤西俚语文化，保留着全套的浊塞音声母，韵母只有齐齿呼而无撮口呼，是现今全国最为古老、最特殊的方言之一，化州话的特殊性和代表性值得我们去研究。

代词是汉语词类中很特殊的一类，是比某些功能词数量更少的典型封闭类词，同时它又是方言中口语化程度最高的成分。在功能方面表现出丰富特性，词性纷繁复杂，日常生活中使用频率很高，因此能顽固地保留某些古代汉语的读音和用法。研究化州粤语的代词有助于找出日常口语与书面语之前的联系和区别，为化州地区的学生学习普通话提供清晰的思路，对于推动普通话在化州地区普及起到一定的作用，所以化州粤语中的代词是一个非常值得研究的大课题。

陆俭明先生（2003）指出：“最理想的还是由从事汉语方言研究的学者或者从事汉语语法研究的学者，来调查自己母方言的语法”。笔者是土生土长的化州

人，从小生活在化州粤语区，极易搜集到第一手资料，所以做有关化州话代词方面的研究再合适不过了。

（2）国内外研究状况

有关化州话的语音和词汇方面的研究，前人做过了一些工作，比较专业的著作有李健的《化州粤语说略》，此书是很多学者对化州话进行研究对比的范本，李健对化州话中的叠音、叠词、后缀、儿化和高升调都有较为全面的理解。但是由于经济落后，地域偏僻等原因，作为粤方言中独具特色的次方言，学界对于化州话的研究没有给予足够的重视。化州粤语在代词研究上尚有很多不足，据本人所掌握的资料，研究化州代词的专著李健的《化州粤语说略》，而且全书以语音为研究重点，所以这个方面的研究是非常欠缺的。

（3）研究方法、手段及步骤：

本研究使用的研究方法有实地调查法、分析归纳法、比较法等。首先，利用《方言调查字表》、《方言调查词表》等材料，寻找10位不同年龄、不同性别、不同职业、不同教育背景的化州本土人士作为发音调查合作人，获得可靠的第一手资料。接着，阅读大量的方言学著作、历史文献，对代词特点、发展规律进行总结，广泛参考和吸收前辈和时贤已有的调研成果作为例证。最后，通过阅读普通话和广州话文献，获得比较充足的代词比较信息，对化州粤语代词的特殊现象进行描写和分析。

第二章 化州话的人称代词

第一节 人称代词复数

化州话人称代词的三身代词“我”、“你”、“他”与广州话的发音一样，都是“我”ngo“你”ni“佢”gu，只在发音方式上有细微超别，广州话的鼻音较浓，而化州话语调上扬，笔者认为可以把两者归为一类，无需做过多解释。而化州话的人称复数则与普通话加“们”、主流粤语广州话加“哋”的形式区别很大，从结构上看，更接近闽语系（当然，还是有区别的），这和本地区的早期移民源自福建有关，下面将对化州话的人称复数作深入的分析。

1.第一人称复数

化州话表示“我们”这个意思的词主要有：人、银、云、我呢、人呢、银呢、云呢。云，是化州下江话中独有的，其他的则是全市通用（南盛话和涯话除外），不过，“人”（包括“人呢”）通用度更高。在下江话中，“云”很多时候也可以表示“我”的意思。

2.第二人称复数

相比于化州话表示“我们”的词形式多样而言，“你们”则显得单调得多，“你呢”、“你呢人”、“你班人”都是“你们”的意思，“呢”在化州话中“有这些”的意思，在人称后则基本相当于广州话的“哋”和普通话的“们”。

3.第三人称复数

现代汉语普通话“他们”可以读成“佢呢”、“佢呢人”，那么除了“他们”之外，“人家”也是第三人称，化州中的人家是“忍”，与第一人称的“人”同音不同调。

4.其他人称代词复数

“大家”在普通话里是一个使用极其广泛的词，可以是“我们大家”“你们大家”“他们大家”，化州话里的“大家”已经包含了这几方面的意思，可以直接用“大家”表示这些意思。

第二节特殊场合属格用复数

对於家庭等集体的事物，其必要用复数属格。

例如：wan baabaa，字面意：我们爸爸，实际意我的爸爸

nan aakau，字面意：你们家里，实际意：你家里

这个时候“云”、“你”具有较强的代入感，与普通话中与别人交流的时候尊称对方的爸爸为“咱爸爸”有异曲同工之妙，有利于调整情绪与情感，拉近了表达与接受者之间的距离，体现了表达者对所指对象的认同。如此看来，以上的表达是没有问题的，但是，这种用法不是普遍适用的。当一个独生子女对外称“我们的爸爸”、“我们的妈妈”时就显得有点不自然了，最难以说通的还是下面的用法：

wan lau po，字面意：我们 老婆，实际意：我老婆，wan lau gung，字面意：我们 老公，实际意：我老公

复数“云、人”做定语时，常用来代替单数形式，这种现象是三身代词处在

领格的位置上，其单复数形式的界限趋于模糊。吴语杭州等方言亲属称谓前的复数形式定语也往往表示单数（如“我们老婆=我老婆”）。史秀菊(2003:??)认为：单复数同行的复杂性说明定语位置上的单数形式很可能是复数形式的省略与拓展。上古汉语人称代词本无所谓单复数，而现代汉语某些方言定语位置上三身代词的单复数形式趋于模糊，这个现象应该属于古汉语用法的创新。

第三节 虚指作用

胡裕树《现代汉语》指出，“值得注意的是三类代词（即”人称代词“、”疑问代词”、“指示代词”）都可以活用，这就是代词的虚指用法，‘你一言，我一语’、‘你望着我，我望着你’。这里的“你”和“我”不指特定的人，是人称代词的虚指用法。”人称代词的虚指作用用第一人称代表第二人称或者用第二人称代表第三人称，这种现象广泛存在化州话的日常用语中。

1.用第二人称表示第一人称，一般都是在倾诉的语句中使用。

例：佢都矛知道你银纸恶搵，这个“佢”是指要指责的人，“你”则表示说话者自己，有时候也用“人家”表示自己，是指区别于听话者的其他人。而以上这句话在广州话中则是“佢都唔知搵食艰难”，没有虚指作用。

2.原第三人称变成实际意义中的第二人称，第二人称变成第一人称。一般用于表示某种特殊语气。

例：佢亦矛知道你穷(你都不知道我穷），“你不知道我穷”是在当面指责别人，会让听话者感到难堪，用“他/她”来代替你则含蓄得多。化州处于鉴江流域

第三章化州话的指示代词

《实用现代汉语语法》指出：指示代词的作用在于指称人、事物，在句中可以代替名词、动词、形容词和表示程度的副词。指示代词既有指别作用还有称代作用，下面我们通过远指与近指、“儿”后缀与高升调两个方面论述指示代词的作用。

第一节 远指与近指

以下表为化州话的指示代词与普通话、广州话的比较

篇二：2014化州市初三“五一”七科联赛英语试题绝密

九年级英语试题

（试题共4页 总分120分，考试时间120分钟）

一、听力理解 （本大题分A、B、C、D四部分，共25小题，共30分）

A． 听句子 根据所听句子的内容和所提的问题，选择符合题意的图画回答问题。（每小题念一遍）

（共5小题，每小题1分）

（ ）1.What festival is talked about?

A.

B.

C.

（ ）2. What is the book about?

A.

B.

C.

（ ）3.What is the weather like in Guangzhou today?

A.

B.

C.

（ ）4. What is the man’s father interested in ?

A. B.

C.

（ ）5. Which sign is the woman talking about?

A.

B.

C. B．听对话 回答每段对话后面的问题，在各题所给的三个选项中选出最佳答案。（每段对话念两遍） （共10小题，每小题1分）

听第一段对话，回答第6小题。

（）6.What’s the weather like today?

A. Rainy. B. Cloudy. C. Sunny. 听第二段对话，回答第7小题。 （）7.What does Bob want to be?

A. A policeman. B. A nurse. C. A doctor. 听第三段对话，回答第8小题。 （）8.What are they going to do?

A. Go shopping. B. See a movie. C. go fishing. 听第四段对话，回答第9小题。 （）9.Whose birthday is it today?

A. Kate’s. B. Ann’s. C. Bill’s. 听第五段对话，回答第10小题。

（）10.What does the boy ask the girl to do?

A. To wash her nose.B. To watch her nose. C. To wash his clothes. 听第六段对话，回答第11--12小题。

（）11.The man bought some _______in the shop

A. pears, apples, bananas and fish. B. pears, bananas and fish. C. pears, apples and fish. （）12.The man got back _______from the woman.

A. $20. B. $30.C. $15. 听第七段对话，回答第13--15小题。

（）13.What will the weather probably be like tomorrow?

A. Sunny. B. Cloudy. C. Rainy. （）14.What does the boy plan to do at first?

A. Go on a picnic. B. Go to the cinema.C. Play ping-pong. （）15.What does the boy finally decide to do?

A. Go to the cinema.B. Read computer books. C. Play ping-pong. C．听短文 根据所听内容，在每小题给出的三个选项（每段对话念两遍）（共5小题，每小题1分）中，选出一个能完成句子的最佳答案。

（）16.Six people were travelling_________.

A. on a plane B. on a train C. on a big ship （）17.The young man was__________.

A. quietB. polite C. rude （）18.The young man got off with_________.

A. his old dad B. his heavy bagsC. his lovely cats （）19.Why did the young man return?

A. Because he didn’t want to get off.

B. Because one of the five people call him back. C. Because he didn’t say goodbye to the others.

（）20.What did the young man leave behind?

A. A bad impression. B. A kind heart.C. A heavy bag.

D．听填信息 你将听到一段材料，根据你所听到的内容，在横线上填写有关信息。（此题念两遍）（共5小

二、选择填空（共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）

（）26.—People now can know what is happening in the world quickly.

—You’re right. With the help of computers news can every corner of the world. A. get B. arrive C. return D. reach （）27. Three days _______ enough for us to finish the work. We need _____day.

A. is; fourthB. wasn’t; a fourth C. are; fourth D. isn’t ; a fourth

（）28. Most young people find _____ exciting to play computer games.

A. it B. this C. that D. one

（）29. —How many teachers are there in your school?

—teachers is over two hundred.

A. woman, The number of B. women, The number of C. woman, A number of D. women, A number of

（）30. —Oh, the traffic is so heavy. —Let’s changeroute to the airport.

A. other B. othersC. another D. the other

（）31. Please read every sentence carefully. Details decideor not. If you take it seriously, you will

achieve your goal!

A. success B. successful C. succeed D. successfully （）32. The driver sits ____ the bus.

A. in front of B. in the front of C. in front D. front

（）33. Something is wrong with my MP4.I will get it ___________ .

A. repair B. repairing C. to repairD. repaired （）34. ----Would your brother go for a picnic this Sunday---- If I do, _______.

A. so does he B. so will he C. so he does D. so he will

（）35. I’d rather stay at home than _____ to Larry’s birthday party.

A. go B. to go C. going D. gone

三、完形填空（共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）

通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后在各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中选出一个最佳选项。 When you write a letter or make a telephone call, your words36 a message. People communicate with words. Do you think you can A smile your face shows you are happy and friendly. Tears in your eyes tell

Other things can also give some information. For example, a sign at the bus stop helps you to know which the time? People can other artist can use his drawings to tell about beautiful mountains, in the world and also about people and their ideas. Books, magazines, TV and radio and films all help us to communicate with other people. They all help us to know is going on in the world. ( ) 36.A. take B. bringC. carryD. gives ( ) 37.A. by B. with C. use D. without ( ) 38. A. in B. onC. atD. over ( ) 39.A. others B. the othersC. otherD. the other ( ) 40. A. put on B. put out C. put up D. put down ( ) 41. A. when B. or C. but D. if

( ) 42. A. no B. hello C. yesD. nothing ( ) 43. A. to get B. to choose C. to haveD. to take ( ) 44. A. which B. where C. howD. what ( ) 45. A. Do B. Did C. Had D. Have ( ) 46.A. fromB. of C. about D. for () 47. A. withB. by C. withoutD. in ( ) 48. A. The B. An C. A D. Some

( ) 49. A. writeB. wroteC. is written D. are written ( ) 50.A. whatB. which C. that D. who

四、阅读理解（共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）

A

Mr. Brown was going away for a week. Before he left, he said to his son, "if anyone asks for me, you can tell him that your father has been out for doing something, and will be back in a week, then be sure to ask him to sit down for a cup of tea."

"OK, Dad," said his son. But he was afraid his son couldn't remember this, he wrote these words down on a piece of paper and gave it to him. His son put it into his small pocket, took it out and looked at it every now and then.

Four days passed, but no one came to see his father. The boy thought that there was no man to come and that the piece of paper was of no more use for him, so he burnt it that evening.

The next afternoon, someone knocked at the door. The boy opened it. A man was standing at the door and said, "Where is your father?" The boy put his hand into his pocket at once and looked for the piece of paper. He could not find it. He suddenly remembered he had burnt it, so he shouted, "No more."

The man was very surprised. He asked, "No more? I met your father last week. When did it happen?" "Burnt yesterday evening."

( )51. Mr. Brown told his son that _____.

A. he would be away from home for four daysB. he would be back in seven days C. he would be back in a monthD. he liked a cup of tea

( )52. Mr. Brown wrote the words down on ________.

A. the wall B. the door C. a piece of paperD. his son's pocket ( )53. A man came to visit the boy's father on ________.

A. the second dayB. the third dayC. the fourth day D. the fifth day ( )54. The man was very surprised because _________.

A. he thought the child's father was deadB. the child didn't ask him to sit down C. the child gave him a cup of teaD. he couldn't find that piece of paper ( )55. What was burnt? ___________.

A. The piece of paperB. Mr SmithC. The visitorD. The boy

B

Now satellites are helping to forecast（预报）the weather. They are in space, and they can reach any part of the world. The satellites take pictures of the atmosphere（大气）, because this is where the weather forms（形成）. They send these pictures to the weather stations. So meteorologists（气象学家）can see the weather of any part of the world. From the pictures, the scientists can often say how the weather will change.

Today, nearly five hundred weather stations in sixty countries receive satellite pictures. When they receive new pictures, the meteorologists compare（比较）them with earlier ones. Perhaps they may find that the clouds have changed during the last few hours. This may mean that the weather on the ground may soon change, too. In their next weather forecast, the meteorologists can say this.

So the weather satellites are a great help to the meteorologists. Before satellites were invented, the scientists could forecast the weather for about 24 or 48 hours. Now they can make good forecasts for three or five days. Soon, perhaps, they may be able to forecast the weather for a week or more ahead（提前）. ( ) 56. Satellites travel _____________.

A. in space B. in the atmosphereC. above the ground D. above space

( ) 57.Why do we use the weather satellites to take pictures of the atmosphere? Because __________.

A. the weather satellites can do it easily B. clouds form there

C. the weather forms there D. the pictures can forecast the weather ( ) 58. Meteorologists forecast the weather __________.

A. when they have received satellite pictures

B. after they have compared new satellite pictures with earlier ones

C. before they received satellite pictures D. during they study satellite pictures ( )59. Maybe we’ll soon be able to forecast the weather for ________.

A. one day B. two daysC. five days D. seven days or even longer ( )60. The main（主要的）idea of this passage is that satellites are now used in _________.

A. taking pictures of the atmosphere B. receiving pictures of the atmosphere C. doing other work in many ways D. weather forecasting

C

Knowing about yourself means not only that you find what you are good at and what you like, it also means discovering what you are not good at and what you don’t like. Both help you to see your aim in life.

Although most students would be unhappy if they found that they had failed an advanced math course, they have actually learned a great deal about themselves. They know they should not become engineers or physical scientist, and that they should not be good at accounting work. So failing can help a student to lead a much happier life ,he or she draws the right conclusion from the failing. They may then decide on their aim and choose the kind of work they would like to do.

It is impossible to decide whether or not you like something until you have tried it. If you decide that you would like to play the violin, you need to take more than one lesson before you can know whether you have any interest or ability.

It’s not enough to want to be a violinist. You also have to like the hard and long training before you become one. If you would enjoy being a great violinist but hate the work, forget it.

It’s a good plan to try as many as possible when you are still young. And then you will come to a wise decision. ()61. If you say you really know yourself,_________________.

A. you know what you are good at. B. you have got the whole picture of yourself. C. you keep in mind your aim in life.D. you have less you don’t like than what you like. ()62. The writer suggests ____________________.

A. failure is a better mirrorB. advanced math courses help you to know yourselves. C. success is more helpful.D. when one is unhappy he gets to know himself better. ()63. Failing can turn into something good ___________________.

A. if you have aim in life and get the job you wish to have B. if you lead a happier life

C. if your decision is right D. if you learn something from it ()64. The example of “playing the violin” in Paragraph 3 and 4 implies that _________________.

A. if you don’t like music, don’t practice the violinB. it takes more than one lesson to learn to play the violin. C. you can decide only after you have tried.

D. you can become a great violinist only after hard and long training. ()65. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A. You have enough time before you come to a wise decision. B. The more experiences, the better decision you will have. C.Test ideas, compare and then decide. D. People always make hasty decisions.

D

Do you want to do well in exams? Sometimes knowledge is not enough, you also need good strategies. Here are some for you. ◆ Before you(转载于:www.Zw2.cN 爱 作 文 网) answer the questions, if you feel a little nervous, take a few deep breaths to help you relax.◆ Always read the questions carefully and make sure that you understand them. Read them a few times if possible. ◆ Find out how much each question is worth or how many points you need. ◆ If it asks you only one answer, only write one.◆ If there is a difficult question, don’t worry. Go on to the next question and come back to it if you have time. ◆ Try not to leave question unanswered when you finish the test. Sometimes a guess may get you points. ◆ When you finish, go back and check your answers. You will need to check your writing for spelling mistakes. ( )66. From the passage, we know we should _____ to help ourselves relax if we feel a little

nervous.

A. take a few deep breaths B. ask the teacher for help C. go out for a walk ( ) 67. To make sure we understand the questions, we had better _____.

A. read them fast B. read them slowlyC. read them a few times if possible ( )68. When we finish answering all the questions, we need to _____.

A. hand in at onceB. check the answersC. check with classmates ( ) 69. The underlined word “strategies” in the passage means _____. A. 策略 B. 思维 C. 途径

( )70. Which of the following is NOT RIGHT according to the passage?

A. Try not to leave questions unanswered when we finish the test.

B. If it asks us to give one answer, we’d better write more.

C. Sometimes we should guess the answers to get points.

五、单词拼写（共5小题，每小题1分，共5分）

根据括号内汉语，结合句子的意思，在横线上写出形式正确的英语单词。每个空格只准填一个单词。 71.We bought a few (纪念品) there.

72. She likes (喜剧) ,but she doesn’t like thrillers. 73. The army is an extremelyorganism. 74.My father is looking (浏览) China daily now.

(电梯) to the eighth floor.

六、短文填空（共5小题，每小题1分，共5分）

根据短文内容，用括号内的词的正确形式填空。

This is Chen Huan on the radio. There is a fantastic party in the park tonight. We’re having a great time. The band is all its new songs. It’s my (最喜爱的)band. Everyone is dancing. Some of the dancers are excellent. The (观众) is 鼓掌) and .There is plenty of food and drink, so no one is hungry. We are all enjoying ourselves here, so come and join us.

七、句型转换（共5小题，每小题1分，共5分）

请按各小题的要求完成下列句子，每空格只能填一个单词。 81. We need to think up a name to call this festival.（改为同义句）

We need toa name to call this festival.

82. The dog has been trained to help those people who can’t see. （改为同义句） .

83. Tea, after water, is the most popular drink in the world. （改为同义句）Tea is drink in the world. 84. You should hand in your paintings tomorrow.（改为被动语态） Your paintings shouldtomorrow.

（就划线部分提问）think the most helpful invention?

八、任务型阅读（本题有5小题，每小题1分，共5分）

阅读下面短文，完成86—90小题的空格，每个空格不超过四个单词。

Have you ever been so worried about something that you have a headache or even can’t sleep at night? Then you cannot pay enough attention during a test or in your study. If so, then you know that is stress. You are worried too much about something. The bad feeling in your mind can make you angry, sad, or scared, and can even give you a stomachache or a headache.

However, some kind of stress is good. Excitement might happen when you are called to give a speech at school. You feel nervous but excited. This kind of stress can help you to get things well done. And you may do a better job in your test if the stress pushes you to prepare more beforehand.

On the other hand, bad stress can last long if you are unable to come over your problems. You may not feel well, if your parents are having a quarrel, if a family member is badly ill, if you’re doing poorly at school, or if anything else makes you unhappy. That kind of stress isn’t going to help you. And it can actually let you do worse in your daily life.

The best way to fight the stress is to have a balanced life. Make sure you get enough sleep and eat properly.

Have some regular exercise. You should take some time for fun. Get advice from your parents, teachers and friends. Soon after that, you’ll probably get away with your stress.

九、书面表达（共1题，共25分）

道路交通安全是大家很关心的话题。据报道，很多交通事故是由于人们违反交通规则而造成的。“道路交通伤害”已取代“自杀”成为“伤害死亡”的第一位原因，成为全社会必须高度重视的公共安全问题。请以道路交通安全为题写一篇80词左右的作文。

内容必须包括：

1.交通事故频发的原因。

2.你对减少交通安全事故的建议。 要求：

1. 短文语句连贯、通顺，不少于80词。

2. 文中不得出现真实姓名、校名等真实信息。

篇三：提高英语写作能力之我见

提高英语写作能力之我见

化州市文楼中学 黄剑英 摘要：英语写作是英语学习过程中不可缺少环节。英语写作能力的提高有赖于词汇的积累，句型的熟悉和语法的运用，还要多进行写作训练和扩大阅读范围，开阔视野。

对于农村的学生来说，英语是一块“鸡肋”，食之无味，弃之可惜，而英语作文更是一个死穴。因为英语写作反映了学生的思维组织能力和语言表达能力，绝大部分的学生在这个环节上较为薄弱。那么，如何在不增加学生学业负担的前提下，有效的提高学生的英语写作能力呢？

一、抓好单词，词组。

每节课的前几分钟可以用来听写前一天所学的知识内容，内容包括单词，词组以及含有重点语法或句型的句子。这有利于学生积累词汇和仿照句型，编写自己的语句。这也是英语写作的基石，如果没有抓好，英语写作就等于天方夜谭！

二、抓好基本句型、重点句型的造句，同时教学生学会各种句型的转换，融会贯通。

句子是文章的基本要素，一篇好文章首先要有好句子。所以除了熟记句型之外，还要懂得运用它们来造句，不但在课堂上可以造句，在平时的生活中也可以。例如，八年级下册P4的It′s+形容词+（for sb.）+to do sth.的句型，学生在闲聊时可以运用。有时，在写作文时忘记某一种句型，那么就要变通表达，如：“He is so young that

can not go to school”，这一句型记忘了，就可以用“He is too young to go to school。”代替。要达到这种效果，就要多做练习，对各种句型熟练，融汇贯通。

三、每天“一小写”。

有句话说得好，它就是“The best way to learn English is using it.” 。要求学生每一节课前用本模块新学的单词、词组、句型以及语法写三五句话，意思要连贯。（不排除旧知识） 上课时，挑一个学生把他（她）的板书在黑板上，大家一起来修改和点评。这样学生不仅可以获得新知识，巩固旧知识，更重要的是对提高书面表达能力很有帮助。例如：八年级（下册）Module5,新内容：warn , be able to ，at the end of，punish，if引导的条件状语从句等，学生可以运用它们中的一些写成这段话：At the end of last term, I got bad grades. My parents have warned me about my schoolwork. If I am not able to get good grades， they will punish me and take off my mobile phone。

四、每周“一大写”

每星期写一篇作文，上交给教师批改。作文以模块写作任务为主。作文前要认真的审题，弄清楚题目的要求和提示，包括主要内容，时间、地点、人物、事件及人称等，然后根据提示信息和自己搜寻的相关资料，勾勒出文章的框架，确定写作顺序，再遣词造句。写作过程中要正确使用动词的时态，句型和文章格式，还要突出主题，详略得当。对学生的作文要精心批改，并帮助把错误的语法、词组、单词等

改正过来，同时加评语或一些鼓励性的语言，如：“Not bad。”“Excellent﹗”“Come on”“well done！”等等。

五、复述课文。

学完课文后，让学生用自己的语言来改写或复述，有时也可以通过教学挂图再现情境让学生复述。这样既强化学生的记忆，又提高了学生的书面表达能力。坚持每篇课文如此，学生在写作中就会游刃有余。例如，八年级英语下册第二十八页的“Smile, please!”这篇文章，可以复述成如下：One day ,a British cook called Hey Jackson was working in a restaurant kitchen. Suddenly, he was bitten by a snake. But he stayed cool, he threw the snake into the bridge and took out his mobile phone to take a photo of it. Then his hand and chest started to hurt, and he went to the hospital in a hurry. However, the doctors couldn’t say what was the matter because they did not know what kind of the snake it was. So the doctors sent the photo Hey Jackson took to London Zoo. They gave him the right medicine after they knew the kind of the snake. Mr. Jackson left hospital the next day. So if a snake bites you，pick up your phone to take its photo.

六、多看课外资料，开阔视野。

阅读是写作的基础，为写作提供各种的信息，可以促进写作能力的提高。因此，以读带写，以写促读，就能使学生在读书的实践中提

高阅读兴趣和写作能力。大量地，广泛地阅读，有利于增强学生的理解能力和吸收书面信息的能力，扩大学生的词汇量，丰富了学生的知识，了解各国的风土人情、文化、历史背景，事实说明：学生阅读越广，视野就越宽，语言实践越多，运用英语表达的能力就越强。所以，学生除掌握课本知识外，还要阅读大量课外资料，更好地了解英语的表达法、习惯用法、思维习惯和文化背景，以便在写作过程可以表达自如。

总而言之，英语写作是英语综合能力的体现，它贯穿于学习英语的整个过程。平时学习英语时的“听”，“说”，“读”，都是“写”的前提，只有做这些前提工作，“写”才能称心如意。在某种程度上讲，“写”体现了学生英语水平的高低。教材是学生首先接触到的而且是最主要的教学素材，同时也是语言的展示厅，书面表达素材的集散地，教师应充分利用教材教给学生各种书面表达的方法和技巧。坚持从易到难，从少到多，从课本到课外的原则，培养学生的写作兴趣和积极性，提高学生的写作能力。

参考文献：初中二年级下册《英语》初中二年级下册《英语》教师用书