英语翻译Following the eighteenth-century nomenclature of Stephen Hales,chemists referred io this as the problem of fixation of nitrogen.The rise of the Nobel explosives industry based upon nitroglycerine and dynamite was also to increase demand f

英语翻译Following the eighteenth-century nomenclature of Stephen Hales,chemists referred io this as the problem of fixation of nitrogen.The rise of the Nobel explosives industry based upon nitroglycerine and dynamite was also to increase demand f
英语翻译
Following the eighteenth-century nomenclature of Stephen Hales,chemists referred io this as the problem of fixation of nitrogen.The rise of the Nobel explosives industry based upon nitroglycerine and dynamite was also to increase demand for nitric acid and therefore of a convenient method of synthesis from nitrogen.
One obvious way of' fixing nitrogen was to use the method long ago discovered by Cavendish whereby nitrogen and oxygen were sparked together form oxides of nitrogen from which nitric acid could be prepared.The snag was that,industrially,such a process demanded extremely high temperatures (2000--3000℃) and therefore uneconomic amount of electricity.Since such a process was only available with cheap hydroelectricity,it was only worded for some years in Norway after 1903 when a process was perfected by Olaf Birkeland (a physicist) and Sam Eyde (an engineer).Despite its limitations,the Birkeland-Eyde attracted the attention of academic chemists such as Fritz Haber (1868-1934) and Walther Nernst (1864-1941),who were interested in the thermodynamics of' reactions.In 1903 Haber showed that ammonia could be synthesized at the not unreasonable temperature of 1000℃ if an iron catalyst was used:
3H2+ N2 → 2NH3
However,the yield was infinitesimal and of' no commercial significance.
To Haber's embarrassment,this was publicly challenged by Nernst,who poinded out that Haber had paid insufficient attention to pressure as a factor in driving the equilibrium to the right.Haber therefore reinvestigated the matter thoroughly from first principles and derived optimum thermodynamic conditions for the reactions.Using an osmium.uranium carbide or iron catalyst,a pressure of 200 atmospheres (402kPa) and a temperature of 500℃.Haber persuaded the firm of BASF that the synthesis did have commercial possibilities.That was in 1909.It took the engineer,Carl Bosch ( 1874-1940),and the firm's chief chemist,Alwin Mittasch ( 1869-1953) ,a further five years to scale up the process.One of the chief problems was the design of' a pressure converter of Some 65 tons,which involved Krupps in the development of new steel forging techniques.Bosch also had to develop a cheaper method for preparing hydrogen.Since electrolysis of' water was far too expensive.(Nitrogen was available from industrial plants via liquefaction of air by this date.) Bosch achieved this by passing steam over coke.

英语翻译Following the eighteenth-century nomenclature of Stephen Hales,chemists referred io this as the problem of fixation of nitrogen.The rise of the Nobel explosives industry based upon nitroglycerine and dynamite was also to increase demand f
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