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我们可能在火星居住么

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我们可能在火星居住么体裁作文

篇一:我们对火星的了解

我们对火星的了解 2015年05月

12日

历史的脉络

地球与火星之间的距离是周期性变化的。当太阳、地球、火星三者排成一条直线,且火星和地球位于太阳的同一侧,此时被称为“火星冲日”。如果火星与地球之间的距离最近则称为“火星大冲”。根据三个天体的运行轨道,火星大冲每隔15~17年发生一次。在航天时代之前,火星大冲是观测火星的最佳时期,也是许多天文学家期待已久的重要时刻。

发生在1877年8月的火星大冲获得了具有深远影响的两个观测发现。其一是阿萨夫·霍尔获得的,他利用美国海军天文台的66厘米折射望远镜发现了火星的两颗卫星。这两颗卫星的平均直径分别只有22.2km和12.4km,若不是赶上火星大冲是很难被发现的。霍尔给这两颗卫星分别取名“害怕”(Phobos,福布斯)和“恐惧”(Deimos,德莫斯),他们是罗马神话中战神玛尔斯(Mars)的两个儿子。

其二是意大利天文学家乔凡尼·夏帕雷利(Giovanni Schiaparelli)发现了火星“运河”。夏帕雷利是位于米兰的布雷拉天文台的台长,拥有使用天文望远镜的便利。在火星大冲期间,他发现火星表面布满了纵横交错的细线。在用意大利语写的论文中,他推测这些细线可能是火星上的“河道”(Canali)。Canali泛指河网体系,并无特指是人工开凿的还是天然形成的,对应的英语单词为Channel。但不知是媒体为了吸引公众眼球有意为之,还是译者的疏忽大意,夏帕雷利发现的Canali在英语报道中被译成了Canal(运河)。虽然仅比意大利语少了一个字母,但其字面含义却从泛指的“河道”变成了特指的“运河”。运河当然需要大量人工才能挖掘,自然而然就让人们联想到火星人、火星航道、火星灌溉和火星农业。

火星运河一经报道便立即吸引了全世界的关注,并激发了一批狂热的追“星”族,居住在美国波士顿的富翁罗威尔(P. Lowell)就是其中一位。一个偶然的机会,罗威尔看到英文报纸上关于火星运河的报道,从此入迷并穷其一生投入其中。他放弃了大部分生意,购买了当时最好的望远镜,在亚利桑那州高山上的旗杆镇建立起一个私人天文台。罗威尔自己任台长,并高薪聘请天文学家帮他寻找火星运河和火星人。

火星

罗威尔至死也没有找到火星人,他孜孜以求寻找的火星运河后来也被证实为子虚乌有的误读。但科学上的努力不会白费,1930年,罗威尔天文台聘请的观测助理、年仅22岁的农村少年汤博,利用罗威尔斥资建造的天文望远镜发现了冥王星,并长期被视为九大行星之一,这一发现拓展了太阳系的疆域。

有意栽花花不发,无心插柳柳成荫。科学史上的重大突破往往会在看似匪夷所思和不经意间实现。坐在苹果树下冥想的牛顿,被苹果砸中而想到万有引力;致力于寻找火星运河的罗威尔天文台,却发现了冥王星;阿诺·彭齐亚斯和罗伯特·威尔逊在研制无线电天线时,一心希望消除天线噪声,却发现了怎么也消除不掉的宇宙微波背景辐射,成为支撑宇宙大爆炸理论最重要的证据。

基础性的科学研究是一项社会公益事业,看似毫无回报,却可以拓展人类视野,提升人类能力,从而改变人类观察世界的角度,成为牵引人类社会文明进步的唯一动力。从这个意义上讲,基于兴趣的自由探索研究其回报是巨大的。科学研究是全人类的共同事业,每个民族都不能只是索取,都有义务和责任投入其中,作出本民族的应有贡献。看看大中小学的教科书,有多少知识是我们中国人首先发现或提出来的呢?所以,在对人类知识库的贡献上,我们还需要更加努力。

深远的问题

“春江潮水连海平,海上明月共潮生。”《春江花月夜》中描绘了一幅明月升起、江河入海的唯美画面,这样的场景是否也曾出现在火星上?

从轨道遥感到表面巡视,结果表明,如今的火星表面没有任何的液态水体。火星上的水是何时开始消失的?是埋藏到了地下,还是逃逸到了太空?是通过什么方式、用了多久才消失殆尽的?

水是生命之源,地球上的水孕育了丰富多彩的生物世界和纷繁复杂的物种演化历史。根据地球的经验,行星上孕育生命除了需要组成生命物质的原料、作为反应溶剂的水、适宜的环境条件等要素外,还需要漫长的演化时间。火星上的水体持续了多长时间?持续时间是否足以让火星孕育出生命?

如果火星曾经孕育出生命,那么,火星生命发展到了什么阶段?是低端的微生物还是高端的植物和动物?在火星上可以发掘到古生物化石吗?地球上的生命是如此孤独,他们迫切地希望在宇宙中找到自己的同类,这是人类探索火星的基本出发点之一。

人类在地球上的命运十分脆弱,不仅面临地震、海啸等重大地质灾害,还需要面对超级太阳风暴、小天体撞击地球、地球磁极倒转等重大天文灾难。在灭顶之灾来临之前,人类必须在太阳系中找到一个避难所,这是深空探测的使命和责任。否则,现在高高在上的我们也只能像曾经统治地球的恐龙一样,成为地层中的一堆堆骨骼化石。

环视太阳系,火星是唯一与地球环境最相似的星球。那么,如今的火星环境是否适合人类生存?奔向火星的“诺亚方舟”何时才能造就?登陆火星人类何时才能实现?

探索的足迹

进入航天时代以来,美国人成为了火星探测的幸运儿。他们不仅保持着极高的成功率,而且接二连三的重大科学发现使美国至今保持着全球深空探测的领导地位。

1976年着陆火星表面的“海盗1号”和“海盗2号”是火星生命探索的先驱,其主要目标是探索火星上有无生物,希望通过生物科学实验直接确定火星红色土壤中是否存在生命,但结果并没有获得火星生命的证据。

海盗1号

进入新世纪以来,人类先后发射环绕火星的轨道器、着陆在火星表面的着陆器、巡视探测的火星车,开展了高分辨率的地形地貌成像,并运用了雷达探测、光谱、质谱和中子分析等多方面探测手段,获得了流水侵蚀、河流冲击扇和三角洲等地貌特征,发现了水成矿物和盐湖沉积、沉积岩石地层,以及极地冰盖、大气中的甲烷和水蒸气等系列证据,证明火星表面曾经有过大规模的水体活动,暗示火星曾经有过适宜生命繁衍的环境特征,并可能发育过生命。

2001年 奥德赛号:水流痕迹

奥德赛号的全称是2001火星奥德赛探测器(2001 Mars Odyssey),于2001年4月7日发射升空,同年10月24日到达火星轨道。这是一颗环绕火星进行探测的轨道器,利用火星大气阻力进行减速以进入环绕火星轨道。2002年1月,奥德赛号气阻减速完成,同年2月19日开始科学任务。

火星奥德赛探测器 奥德赛号耗资约2.97亿美元,由洛克希德·马丁公司研制,主要承担火星探测漫游者(机遇号和勇气号火星车)、凤凰号着陆器与地球之间的通信中继任务,同时探测数种元素的全球分布及其含量,寻找火星表面水与火山活动的痕迹。

2003年 机遇号和勇气号:粘土矿物

机遇号和勇气号是一对“孪生兄弟”,于2003年年中发射升空,2004年1月降落在火星,最初“工作任务”是完成3个月火星探险,到2013年8月已离开地球10周年。勇气号于2010年停止工作,而机遇号依旧孜孜不倦,不断发回探测成果。

机遇号火星探测器

2013年5月,机遇号火星车在一块岩石中分析发现了丰富的粘土矿物。粘土矿物是水与岩石发生长期反应,导致岩石的化学成分发生重大改变而形成的,这说明曾经有大量的水流经并浸泡这块岩石。

这块名为“埃斯佩朗斯6号”的岩石表面覆盖着尘埃和杂质,机遇号一共尝试了7次,才磨掉

表层物质,进而分析石块内部的物质组成。这块岩石中的粘土矿物富含铝,非常类似于地球上的微晶高岭石,说明当时流经岩石缝隙的水是中性的。埃斯佩朗斯6号形成于火星历史最初的10亿年,是机遇号检测过的最古老岩石。

机遇号此前分析过多块岩石,虽然也都发现火星曾经有过湿润环境,证明火星上曾经有过水体活动。但是,这些水体大多是酸性的,而生命的进化和繁衍需要一个中性的环境,在酸性环境中很难通过化学反应转化为生命。此次,机遇号发现可饮用的中性水,成为可以支持生命诞生的重要证据。

2004年 火星快车:海岸线和沉积物

如今的火星表面类似于地球上的戈壁滩,是一片不毛之地。但已有证据显示,火星上曾经两度存在海洋。大约40亿年前,随着气候逐渐变暖,埋藏在地下的大量冰融化后涌出地面,形成了最早的火星海洋。之后环境恶化,液态水逐渐退回并冻结于地下。另一次火星海洋则出现在30亿年前。

2004年欧洲空间局发射的火星快车,获得了火星的可见光图像数据、矿物分析数据,以及大气观测结果,证明火星曾经有水。但是,曾经庞大的火星地表水体后来到哪里去了呢?

欧空局火星快车

2012年2月,火星快车上的雷达探测结果展示了火星地表以下60~80米的情况,发现北部平原的地下存在一层低密度物质,可能是某种富含冰的沉积物。这层低密度物质让人不由地联想到地球海床中也有类似的沉积物。更重要的是,这层物质正好位于此前任务发现的火星海岸线以内。这说明火星干涸的北部平原在数十亿年前可能是一片汪洋,如今的红色行星可能曾经是一个蓝色星球。

火星的北部平原在数十

亿年前可能是一片汪洋(左),火星快车探测器发现的“海床”沉积物恰好位于火星的古海岸线以内

(右)。

篇二:九年级英语下册《Unit 1 Life in Mars》检测题(含详解) 牛津译林版

Unit 1 Life on Mars检测题

(时间:60分钟 满分:100分)

Ⅰ.听力部分 (每小题1分,共20分)

A)根据所听到的内容,选择相符的图画。(听一遍) 1. A. B. C. \

2. A. B. C.

3. A. B. C.

4. A. B. C.

5. A. B. C.

B)根据所听到的句子,选择正确的答语。(听一遍)

6. A. Because I didn’t catch the bus.

B. Because I got up too early. C. Because I forgot the number.

7. A. So am I. B. So do I. C. Yes , I like it, too.

8. A. I think that’s a good idea.

B. That sounds really cool.

C. Sure. But I don’t have time at the moment.

9. A. Three years ago. B. Three times. C. For about three

years.

10. A. When the lights are red. B. When the lights are green.

C. When the road is busy.

C)听对话,根据对话内容选出正确答案。(听两遍)

11. The weather in Beijing will be _______ tomorrow. A.snowy B.sunny C.windy

12. There is a lot of _______ in winter in Beijing.

A.ice B.snow C.wind

13. _______ seasons are mentioned in the conversation.

A.One B.Two C.Three

14. Though winds sometimes blow strongly in _______, it is quite warm.

A.winter B.summer C.spring

15. The woman prefers winter because _______.

A.she can play with snow B.it is cold

C.she can skate

D)根据所听短文内容选择正确答案。(听两遍)

16. What did Tom do one day?

A.He mended his car. B. He mended his house.

C .He mended his bike.

17. Where was Tom when he saw Bush?

A.He was on the ladder. B. He was in the street.

C.He was on the top of the house.

18 .Why was Bush waving to Tom?

A. He wanted to tell Tom some stories.

B. He wanted to ask Tom for some money.

C. He wanted to tell Tom some news.

19. What did Tom give to Bush?

A. Ladder. B. Some money. C. Nothing.

20. Why did Tom ask the old man to climb up the ladder onto the top of the house?

A. Because he was very happy.

B. Because he was very angry.

C. Because he wanted to talk with him.

Ⅱ.单项填空(每小题1.5分,共15分)

1. Jim’s father has gone to England. He _______ in his office.

A. can’t be B. mustn’t be C. needn’t be D. must be

2. Not only he but also I _______ right.

A. am B. is C. are D. were

3. You can see _______stars if you go out at night.

A. thousand of B. million C. millions of D. hundreds

4. Lucy and Lily have never had Chinese food, _______?

A. have they B. haven’t they C. do they D. don’t they

5. I want to buy the book very much, _______ I don’t have enough money with me.

A. and B. but C. so D. or

6. If it _______ tomorrow, we’ll go to visit the Great Wall.

A. won’t rain B. isn’t rain C. doesn’t rain D. don’t rain

7. They were all very tired, but _______ of them would stop to take a rest.

A. any B. some C. none D. neither

8. The speaker raised his voice, but still couldn’t make himself_______.

A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard

9. You’d better _______late tomorrow.

A. not to be B. not be C. to not be D. don’t be

10. The water in the river smells terrible. People must _______dirty things into it.

A. be stopped to throw B. be stopped from throwing

C. stop to throw D. stop from throwing

Ⅲ. 完形填空(每小题1.5分,共15分)

Last Wednesday, Mr. Chen took his class to the Space Museum. There 1 many things about space there. First, the children saw a film about space travel. They saw 2 the space shuttle took off in space and later landed on earth 3 . It was very exciting and the children felt they were traveling in space 4 !

After the film, Mr. Chen took 5 to see some models of rockets 6 the space shuttle. The models looked very real, but they were much 7 . Then the children saw some moon rocks. Two 8 landed on the moon in 1969. They put an American flag there. Then they took some rocks back to the 9 .

10 the children left, they also watched a video show about people living and working in a space lab. The people could stay in the space lab for months.

1. A. is B. are C. was D. were

2. A. how B. what C. when D. which

3. A. too B. already C. again D. badly

4. A. itself B. ourselves C. oneself D. themselves

5. A. their B. them C. they D. theirs

6. A. or B. but C. and D. then

7. A. small B. smaller C. big D. bigger

8. A. Americans B .Englishmen C .Australians D. Chinese

9. A. moon B. star C. earth D. sun

10. A. After B. As soon as C. Until D. Before

Ⅳ.阅读理解(每小题1.5分,共15分)

A

In a small town, there lived a doctor. He was good and kind. He was ready to go and help people. People always went to him when they were ill.

Many years later, the doctor began to forget things. People were afraid and little by little, they stopped going to him. The doctor saw his business wasn’t as good as before. He thought, “Well, if I was the patient (病人), I’d be afraid to go to me too. Maybe it’s time for me to stop being a doctor. But this town has no doctor. What will the people do when they become ill?”His wife heard him talking to himself and said, “Why don’t you find a young doctor to take your place? Then people will have another good doctor to take care of them and I will get my husband back.”

The doctor liked what his wife said. He found a very good young doctor to help the people. The doctor and his wife then had time to take long walks together, go dancing, go travelling and spend the rest of their days together.

1. What’s the story about?

A. A husband. B. A wife. C. A small town. D. A doctor.

2. The people_______ the doctor when he forgot things.

A. helped B. went to see C. stopped going to D. forgot

3. The doctor’ s business wasn’t as good as before because _______. . A. he was always ready to help people B. people were afraid of him and his wife

C. he was old and forgetful

D. he found a very good young doctor to help the people

4. The expression “to take your place” in the passage means _______. .

A. to take you home B. instead of you

C. to take care of you D. to take your time

5. Which of the following is NOT true?

A.The old doctor agreed with what his wife said.

B.The old doctor was still busy working at the doctor’s.

C.The people weren’t taken care of by the old doctor any more when he was old.

D.The doctor and his wife had more time to enjoy their lives after the young doctor came.

B

It was December 25. Marie, a 13-year-old Australian girl, was happy. It was Christmas and Marie’s mother was making a very special cake. She put four small coins into the cake and then baked it. The four coins were for good luck. After dinner, Marie and her family ate the cake. They found three coins in the cake and put them on the table. Where was the fourth one? It was missing (找不到的),but Marie’s mother didn’t notice.

After Christmas, Marie got sick. She coughed and couldn’t speak. Marie’s parents took her to hospital. Doctors at the hospital looked her over and then said, “We are sorry, but we can’t help her.” For 12 years, Marie didn’t speak. But like other common people, she grew up, she got a job, she got married. One day, when Marie was 25 years old, she got a sore throat. She began to cough. She coughed up something small and black. What was it? Marie didn’t know. She took it to a hospital. A doctor at the hospital said,“This is a coin!”The doctor told Marie, “I think you can speak again.”

6.When did the story begin?

A. During Christmas. B. On Marie’s birthday.

C. Before Christmas.

7.How old was Marie when she became unable to speak?

A. She was 12. B. She was 13. C. She was 25.

8.Why did Marie go to the hospital 12 years later?

A. Because she had a bad cold and began to cough.

B. Because she heard the doctor there could help her speak again. C. Because she wanted to know what the small and black thing was.

9. Where had the missing coin been?

A. In the cake. B. In Marie’s throat.

C. On the table.

10.What can you infer (推断) from the passage?

A. Marie lived an unusual life after she got sick.

B. The coins in the cake brought good luck to Marie. C. The 13-year-old girl couldn’t speak because of the coin.

Ⅴ.根据句意及汉语提示写出句中所缺的单词(每小题1分,共10分)

1. Food will be in the form of _______ (药片) on Mars.

2. The _______ (重力) on Mars is a problem.

3. Should we be able to_______ (开发) plants that can grow on Mars?

4. Our Earth is becoming more and more_______ (拥挤的) and _______ (被污染的).

5. The meeting began with a_______ (讨论) about a survey.

6. I need a pair of _______ (靴子) .Can I borrow yours, Kitty? 

7. Should he take_______ (火柴) with him if he camps on the moon?

8. The skirt is very _______ (时尚的) at the moment.

9. It’s hard to _______ (想象) living in a place where there are no cars. 10. _______ (状况) on Mars are very harsh.

Ⅵ.用所给单词的适当形式填空(每小题1分,共10分)

1. The journey to Mars will probably be very _______ (comfortable).

2. _______ (hope), we can start again and build a better world on Mars.

3. So far, many _______ ( spacecraft ) have travelled in space.

4. Are there large ________ (number) of students in the classroom?

5. We all know there are lots of _______ (advantage) of living on Mars. So we won’t move out of Earth to Mars.

6. The heavy rain kept us from _______ (go) outside.

7. I think _______ (dry) food is the most important for an astronaut.

8. I think it is _______ (high) possible that our teacher is in her office.

9. Do you know the meeting about a survey _______ (conduct) on the Internet in Beijing?

10. The teacher told his class that light _______ (travel) faster than sound. Ⅶ.书面表达(15分)

发挥你的想象,我们如何才能在火星上居住呢?在火星上生活有什么不同。根据以下提示完成一篇80词左右的短文:

1.交通工具是航天飞机,其速度达到光速的一半;

2.科学家开发出了能产生食物、氧气和水的植物;

3.人们通过穿特制的靴子来解决火星上重力的问题;

4.在火星上人们有更多的空间和更多的空余时间;

5.在火星上,学生可以在家里通过星际网络学习;

6.在火星上食物没有地球上的美味,而且火星之旅将可能是令人不舒服的。

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

篇三:我们对火星的了解

迄今为止,我们对火星的了解有多少? 历史的脉络

地球与火星之间的距离是周期性变化的。当太阳、地球、火星三者排成一条直线,且火星和地球位于太阳的同一侧,此时被称为“火星冲日”。如果火星与地球之间的距离最近则称为“火星大冲”。根据三个天体的运行轨道,火星大冲每隔15~17年发生一次。在航天时代之前,火星大冲是观测火星的最佳时期,也是许多天文学家期待已久的重要时刻。

发生在1877年8月的火星大冲获得了具有深远影响的两个观测发现。其一是阿萨夫·霍尔获得的,他利用美国海军天文台的66厘米折射望远镜发现了火星的两颗卫星。这两颗卫星的平均直径分别只有22.2km和12.4km,若不是赶上火星大冲是很难被发现的。霍尔给这两颗卫星分别取名“害怕”(Phobos,福布斯)和“恐惧”(Deimos,德莫斯),他们是罗马神话中战神玛尔斯(Mars)的两个儿子。

其二是意大利天文学家乔凡尼·夏帕雷利(Giovanni Schiaparelli)发现了火星“运河”。夏帕雷利是位于米兰的布雷拉天文台的台长,拥有使用天文望远镜的便利。在火星大冲期间,他发现火星表面布满了纵横交错的细线。在用意大利语写的论文中,他推测这些细线可能是火星上的“河道”(Canali)。Canali泛指河网体系,并无特指是人工开凿的还是天然形成的,对应的英语单词为Channel。但不知是媒体为了吸引公众眼球有意为之,还是译者的疏忽大意,夏帕雷利发现的Canali在英语报道中被译成了Canal(运河)。虽然仅比意大利语少了一个字母,但其字面含义却从泛指的“河道”变成了特指的“运河”。运河当然需要大量人工才能挖掘,自然而然就让人们联想到火星人、火星航道、火星灌溉和火星农业。 火星运河一经报道便立即吸引了全世界的关注,并激发了一批狂热的追“星”族,居住在美国波士顿的富翁罗威尔(P. Lowell)就是其中一位。一个偶然的机会,罗威尔看到英文报纸上关于火星运河的报道,从此入迷并穷其一生投入其中。他放弃了大部分生意,购买了当时最好的望远镜,在亚利桑那州高山上的旗杆镇建立起一个私人天文台。罗威尔自己任台长,并高薪聘请天文学家帮他寻找火星运河和火星人。

火星

罗威尔至死也没有找到火星人,他孜孜以求寻找的火星运河后来也被证实为子虚乌有的误读。但科学上的努力不会白费,1930年,罗威尔天文台聘请的观测助理、年仅22岁的农村少年汤博,利用罗威尔斥资建造的天文望远镜发现了冥王星,并长期被视为九大行星之一,这一发现拓展了太阳系的疆域。

有意栽花花不发,无心插柳柳成荫。科学史上的重大突破往往会在看似匪夷所思和不经意间实现。坐在苹果树下冥想的牛顿,被苹果砸中而想到万有引力;致力于寻找火星运河的罗威尔天文台,却发现了冥王星;阿诺·彭齐亚斯和罗伯特·威尔逊在研制无线电天线时,一心希望消除天线噪声,却发现了怎么也消除不掉的宇宙微波背景辐射,成为支撑宇宙大爆炸理论最重要的证据。

基础性的科学研究是一项社会公益事业,看似毫无回报,却可以拓展人类视野,提升人类能力,从而改变人类观察世界的角度,成为牵引人类社会文明进步的唯一动力。从这个意义上讲,基于兴趣的自由探索研究其回报是巨大的。科学研究是全人类的共同事业,每个民族都不能只是索取,都有义务和责任投入其中,作出本民族的应有贡献。看看大中小学的教科书,有多少知识是我们中国人首先发现或提出来的呢?所以,在对人类知识库的贡献上,我们还需要更加努力。

深远的问题

“春江潮水连海平,海上明月共潮生。”《春江花月夜》中描绘了一幅明月升起、江河入海的唯美画面,这样的场景是否也曾出现在火星上?

从轨道遥感到表面巡视,结果表明,如今的火星表面没有任何的液态水体。火星上的水是何时开始消失的?是埋藏到了地下,还是逃逸到了太空?是通过什么方式、用了多久才消失殆尽的?

水是生命之源,地球上的水孕育了丰富多彩的生物世界和纷繁复杂的物种演化历史。根据地球的经验,行星上孕育生命除了需要组成生命物质的原料、作为反应溶剂的水、适宜的环境条件等要素外,还需要漫长的演化时间。火星上的水体持续了多长时间?持续时间是否足以让火星孕育出生命?

如果火星曾经孕育出生命,那么,火星生命发展到了什么阶段?是低端的微生物还是高端的植物和动物?在火星上可以发掘到古生物化石吗?地球上的生命是如此孤独,他们迫切地希望在宇宙中找到自己的同类,这是人类探索火星的基本出发点之一。

人类在地球上的命运十分脆弱,不仅面临地震、海啸等重大地质灾害,还需要面对超级太阳风暴、小天体撞击地球、地球磁极倒转等重大天文灾难。在灭顶之灾来临之前,人类必须在太阳系中找到一个避难所,这是深空探测的使命和责任。否则,现在高高在上的我们也只能像曾经统治地球的恐龙一样,成为地层中的一堆堆骨骼化石。

环视太阳系,火星是唯一与地球环境最相似的星球。那么,如今的火星环境是否适合人类生存?奔向火星的“诺亚方舟”何时才能造就?登陆火星人类何时才能实现?

探索的足迹

进入航天时代以来,美国人成为了火星探测的幸运儿。他们不仅保持着极高的成功率,而且接二连三的重大科学发现使美国至今保持着全球深空探测的领导地位。

1976年着陆火星表面的“海盗1号”和“海盗2号”是火星生命探索的先驱,其主要目标是探索火星上有无生物,希望通过生物科学实验直接确定火星红色土壤中是否存在生命,但结果并没有获得火星生命的证据。

海盗1号

进入新世纪以来,人类先后发射环绕火星的轨道器、着陆在火星表面的着陆器、巡视探测的火星车,开展了高分辨率的地形地貌成像,并运用了雷达探测、光谱、质谱和中子分析等多方面探测手段,获得了流水侵蚀、河流冲击扇和三角洲等地貌特征,发现了水成矿物和盐湖沉积、沉积岩石地层,以及极地冰盖、大气中的甲烷和水蒸气等系列证据,证明火星表面曾经有过大规模的水体活动,暗示火星曾经有过适宜生命繁衍的环境特征,并可能发育过生命。

2001年 奥德赛号:水流痕迹

奥德赛号的全称是2001火星奥德赛探测器(2001 Mars Odyssey),于2001年4月7日发射升空,同年10月24日到达火星轨道。这是一颗环绕火星进行探测的轨道器,利用火星大气阻力进行减速以进入环绕火星轨道。2002年1月,奥德赛号气阻减速完成,同年2月19日开始科学任务。

火星奥德赛探测器

奥德赛号耗资约2.97亿美元,由洛克希德·马丁公司研制,主要承担火星探测漫游者(机遇号和勇气号火星车)、凤凰号着陆器与地球之间的通信中继任务,同时探测数种元素的全球分布及其含量,寻找火星表面水与火山活动的痕迹。

2003年 机遇号和勇气号:粘土矿物

机遇号和勇气号是一对“孪生兄弟”,于2003年年中发射升空,2004年1月降落在火星,最初“工作任务”是完成3个月火星探险,到2013年8月已离开地球10周年。勇气号于2010年停止工作,而机遇号依旧孜孜不倦,不断发回探测成果。

篇四:迄今为止,我们对火星的了解有多少?

我们可能在火星居住么

迄今为止,我们对火星的了解有多少? 历史的脉络

地球与火星之间的距离是周期性变化的。当太阳、地球、火星三者排成一条直线,且火星和地球位于太阳的同一侧,此时被称为“火星冲日”。如果火星与地球之间的距离最近则称为“火星大冲”。根据三个天体的运行轨道,火星大冲每隔15~17年发生一次。在航天时代之前,火星大冲是观测火星的最佳时期,也是许多天文学家期待已久的重要时刻。

发生在1877年8月的火星大冲获得了具有深远影响的两个观测发现。其一是阿萨夫·霍尔获得的,他利用美国海军天文台的66厘米折射望远镜发现了火星的两颗卫星。这两颗卫星的平均直径分别只有22.2km和12.4km,若不是赶上

火星大冲是很难被发现的。霍尔给这两颗卫星分别取名“害怕”(Phobos,福布斯)和“恐惧”(Deimos,德莫斯),他们是罗马神话中战神玛尔斯(Mars)的两个儿子。

其二是意大利天文学家乔凡尼·夏帕雷利(Giovanni Schiaparelli)发现了火星“运河”。夏帕雷利是位于米兰的布雷拉天文台的台长,拥有使用天文望远镜的便利。在火星大冲期间,他发现火星表面布满了纵横交错的细线。在用意大利语写的论文中,他推测这些细线可能是火星上的“河道”(Canali)。Canali泛指河网体系,并无特指是人工开凿的还是天然形成的,对应的英语单词为Channel。但不知是媒体为了吸引公众眼球有意为之,还是译者的疏忽大意,夏帕雷利发现的Canali在英语报道中被译成了Canal(运河)。虽然仅比意大利语少了一个字母,但其字面含义却从泛指的“河道”变成了特指的“运河”。运河当然需要大量人工才能挖掘,自然而然就让人们联想到火星人、火星航道、火星灌溉和火星农业。

火星运河一经报道便立即吸引了全世界的关注,并激发了一批狂热的追“星”族,居住在美国波士顿的富翁罗威尔(P. Lowell)就是其中一位。一个偶然的机会,罗威尔看到英文报纸上关于火星运河的报道,从此入迷并穷其一生投入其中。他放弃了大部分生意,购买了当时最好的望远镜,在亚利桑那州高山上的旗杆镇建立起一个私人天文台。罗威尔自己任台长,并高薪聘请天文学家帮他寻找火星运河和火星人。

研究是全人类的共同事业,每个民族都不能只是索取,都有义务和责任投入其中,作出本民族的应有贡献。看看大中小学的教科书,有多少知识是我们中国人首先发现或提出来的呢?所以,在对人类知识库的贡献上,我们还需要更加努力。

深远的问题

“春江潮水连海平,海上明月共潮生。”《春江花月夜》中描绘了一幅明月升起、江河入海的唯美画面,这样的场景是否也曾出现在火星上?

从轨道遥感到表面巡视,结果表明,如今的火星表面没有任何的液态水体。火星上的水是何时开始消失的?是埋藏到了地下,还是逃逸到了太空?是通过什么方式、用了多久才消失殆尽的?

水是生命之源,地球上的水孕育了丰富多彩的生物世界和纷繁复杂的物种演化历史。根据地球的经验,行星上孕育生命除了需要组成生命物质的原料、作为反应溶剂的水、适宜的环境条件等要素外,还需要漫长的演化时间。火星上的水体持续了多长时间?持续时间是否足以让火星孕育出生命?

如果火星曾经孕育出生命,那么,火星生命发展到了什么阶段?是低端的微生物还是高端的植物和动物?在火星上可以发掘到古生物化石吗?地球上的生命是如此孤独,他们迫切地希望在宇宙中找到自己的同类,这是人类探索火星的基本出发点之一。

人类在地球上的命运十分脆弱,不仅面临地震、海啸等重大地质灾害,还需要面对超级太阳风暴、小天体撞击地球、地球磁极倒转等重大天文灾难。在灭顶

之灾来临之前,人类必须在太阳系中找到一个避难所,这是深空探测的使命和责任。否则,现在高高在上的我们也只能像曾经统治地球的恐龙一样,成为地层中的一堆堆骨骼化石。

环视太阳系,火星是唯一与地球环境最相似的星球。那么,如今的火星环境是否适合人类生存?奔向火星的“诺亚方舟”何时才能造就?登陆火星人类何时才能实现?

探索的足迹

进入航天时代以来,美国人成为了火星探测的幸运儿。他们不仅保持着极高的成功率,而且接二连三的重大科学发现使美国至今保持着全球深空探测的领导地位。

1976年着陆火星表面的“海盗1号”和“海盗2号”是火星生命探索的先驱,其主要目标是探索火星上有无生物,希望通过生物科学实验直接确定火星红色土壤中是否存在生命,但结果并没有获得火星生命的证据。

篇五:9B Unit1-2

9B Unit 1

一、根据中文写单词

1. Our earth is becoming more and more (污染).

2. Einstein was one of the greatest (科学家) in the world.

3. Our bodies become (健康) than before.

4. Chinese (药) is famous all over the world.

5. The man was (呼吸) heavily at that time.

6. The car is (专门地) designed for the president.

7. He doesn’t know how to (描述) what he looks like.

8. We will celebrate his (四十) birthday tomorrow.

9. The (条件) there is very harsh.

10. The USA is a (发达) country.

二、翻译词组

1. 照顾______________________________ 2. 越来越拥挤________________________

3. 以……速度________________________ 4. 以许多方式、方法__________________

5. 把……连接到……__________________ 6. 呈……形状________________________

7. 大量、许多________________________ 8. 与……交朋友______________________

9. 迷路______________________________ 10. 在……的表面______________________

11. 对……有害_______________________ 12. 用……使……离开__________________

13. 起飞,脱下_______________________ 14. 在窗户边__________________________

15. 在火星上_________________________

三、单项选择

( )1. In 2100, people will by robots.

A. cared for B. be looked C. be cared for D. take care of

( )2. — How do you these cats?

— I like them very much. They are so lovely.

A. think B. like C. think of D. want

( )3. They are getting instead of getting any better.

A. a bit worst B. more badly C. even worse D. more bad

( )4. Does he want to know when you were young?

A. what is the life like B. what the life was like

C. how the life was like D. what the life is like

( )5. My brother ride a bike when he was only eight years old.

A. could B. may C. can D. might

( )6. of the students have their own computers.

A. Two eleven B. Two elevenths C. Two eleventh D. Twice elevenths

( )7. Do you believe food pills?

A. on; on; in B. on; in; of C. in; in; of D. in; of; in

( )8. How much time do you watching TV every day?

1

A. spend B. cost C. take D. pay

( )9. — Could you your book to me?

— Of course. You can it for a month.

A. borrow; lend B. lend; borrow C. lend; keep D. keep; borrow

( )10. I think important for students to learn English well.

A. it B. that C. what D. if

( )11. His mother told him not to play football in the street, ?

A. did he B. didn’t she C. didn’t he D. did she

( )12. The baby is sleeping now. Could you the TV a bit?

A. turn down B. turn up C. turn on D. turn off

( )13. — What makes you so — The activity. Our teachers will take us the Tian’an men.

A. happy; visit B. happily; to visit C. happy; to visit D. happily; visit

( )14. Space shuttles will travel at of light.

A. the half speed B. half speed C. the speed half D. half the speed

( )15. Food as they are today.

A. will be not; tasty B. will not be; tasty C. will be not; taste D. will not be; taste

四、句子翻译

1. 我原以为你喜欢火星。

__________________________________________________________________________

2. 太空之旅将使人们觉得不舒服。

__________________________________________________________________________

3. 现在我们的祖国变得越来越强大了。

__________________________________________________________________________

4. 你能告诉我是否火星重力只有地球的八分之三?

__________________________________________________________________________

5. 人类需要食物、水和空气才能生存。

__________________________________________________________________________

6. 当我们到电影院时,电影已经开始半小时了。

__________________________________________________________________________

7. 我认为这部小说不值得一读。

__________________________________________________________________________

8. 我们应该学会照顾自己。

__________________________________________________________________________

9. 居住在拥有一座漂亮花园的大房子里是极有可能的。

__________________________________________________________________________

10. 我们必须让小孩远离火。

__________________________________________________________________________

五、用括号内动词的适当形式填空

1. Tom told a joke, and all of us (make) (laugh).

2

2. — Where is your mother?

— She (go) to the supermarket.

3. Gravity can keep us from (float) in the air.

4. All of us really (agree) with you. You should give up your idea.

5. You mustn’t watch TV before (do) your homework..

6. I don’t know if he (come), please call me.

7. Mr.Liu told us he (teach) us Maths the next term.

8. They (know) each other for ten years by last year.

六、书面表达

发挥你的想象,我们如何才能在火星上居住呢?以及在火星上生活的不同。根据以下提

示完成一篇80字左右的短文:

1.交通工具是航天飞机,其速度达到光速的一半;

2.科学家开发出了能产生食物、氧气和水的植物;

3.人们通过穿特制的靴子来解决火星上重力的问题;

4.在火星上人们有更多的空间和更多的空余时间;

5.在火星上,学生可以在家里通过星际网络学习;

6.但在火星上食物没有今天的美味,而且火星之旅将令人不舒服。

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9B Unit 1 参考答案

一、词汇

1. polluted 2. scientists 3. healthier 4. medicine 5. breathing

6. specially 7. describe 8. fortieth 9. condition 10. developed

二、默写词组

1. care for 2. more and more crowded 3. at the speed of…

4. in many ways 5. connect…to… 6. be in the form of

7. large numbers of 8. make friends with 9. get lost

10. on the surface of 11. do harm to 12. keep…away with…

13. take off 14. by the window 15. on Mars

三、单项选择

1——5 CBCBA 6——10 BBACA 11——15 BACDB

四、句子翻译

1. I thought you liked Mars.

2. Space travel will make people feel very ill.

3. Now, our country is becoming stronger and stronger.

4. Can you tell me if the gravity on Mars is only three-eighths of the gravity on Earth.

5. Humans need food, water and air to survive.

6. When we arrived at the cinema, the film had been on for half an hour.

7. I don’t think the novel is worth reading.

8. We should learn how to look after ourselves.

9. Living in a big house with a beautiful garden is highly possible.

10. We must keep the children away from the fire.

五、动词填空

1. were made, to laugh 2. has gone 3. floating 4. disagree

5. finishing, doing 6. will come, comes 7. would teach 8. had known

六、书面表达

Life on Mars

In the future, we can travel to Mar by space shuttle which travels at half the speed of light. We

can live on Mars because scientists develop plants that can grow on Mars and can produce food,

oxygen and water. The gravity on Mars is only three-eighths of the gravity on Earth, so we should

wear special boots to make ourselves heavier.

On Mars, we will have more space and more free time, so we can live in a dome with many

bedrooms and have more time for hobbies. Students on Mars can study at home on the inter-planet

computer network.

But the food on Mars will not be as tasty as they are today, and the journey to Mars will

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probably be very uncomfortable.

9B Unit 2

一、根据中文写单词

1. I have (邮寄) fifty letters for you already.

2. The shirt (熨烫) is very beautiful.

3. My mother does the (洗?a href="http://www.zw2.cn/zhuanti/guanyuluzuowen/" target="_blank" class="keylink">路幕? at home.

4. His coat is the (脏) in his class.

5. He (倒空) the rubbish bin before he went out.

6. Now we can use English (自由地).

7. I think the (展览) very wonderful.

8. The film is worse than I (期待).

9. Today, I should wash so many (餐具).

10. On her (十二) birthday, she had a great time.

二、翻译词组

1. 整理床 2. 帮助某人做某事

3. 为了 4. 又一个小时

5. 弄错,出错 6. 把……撞翻

7. 处理 8. 使某人做某事

9. 尽快地 10. 对……满意

11. 给……试一试 12. 期待做某事

13. 下班回家 14. 把某人唤醒

15. 感染病毒三、单项选择

( )1.There a number of mice all over the world, and the number of mice______

becoming bigger and bigger.

A. is; is B. are; are C. is; are D. are; is

( )2. exciting news it is!

A. What an B. How an C. What D. How

( )3. — It’s nice of you to help me with my study.

— .

A. Don’t care B. It’s my pleasure

C. No problem D. Don’t pay attention to

( )4. Don’t be late for school, ?

A. do you B. does he C. will you D. don’t you

( )5. I don’t know or not it will rain.

A. whether B. if C. that D. which

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体裁作文